{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:48:36Z","timestamp":1792525716775,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BSC Holdings USA Corporation","award":["2R15HL143545-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R15HL143545-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections present significant therapeutic challenges due to their inherent antibiotic resistance, demanding innovative treatment approaches. This study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of a novel compound, Fullerene Gallium Phosphonate (FGP), and compared its effects against a previously tested similar compound, Fullerene Disodium Phosphonate (FDSP). Results of experiments using MAC cultures and infected THP-1 macrophages treated with varying FGP and FDSP concentrations (1, 10, 100 \u00b5g\/mL) revealed that FGP demonstrated greater efficacy than FDSP in reducing M. avium colony-forming units (CFU), achieving a nearly 3-fold reduction by day 8, compared to a 2-fold decrease with FDSP. In infected macrophages, FGP significantly decreased bacterial load at 1 and 10 \u00b5g\/mL (p &lt; 0.01). FGP also lowered oxidative stress, reflected by a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels on day 4 (p &lt; 0.05) and decreased IL-6 (2-fold) and TNF-\u03b1 levels (3-fold) by day 8, indicating both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, FGP paradoxically increased MAC burden at its highest concentration and showed no significant difference in efficacy of different concentrations. These findings suggest that FGP may serve as a promising candidate for antimycobacterial therapy with dual antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Further research is crucial to fully elucidate its mechanism of action and find the optimal therapeutic window.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1760973612000},"page":"9998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fullerene Gallium Phosphonate Shows Antimycobacterial Effect Against Mycobacterium avium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonyeol","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayvan","family":"Sasaninia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iffat Hasnin","family":"Era","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanya","family":"Dhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishvaryaa Shree","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lannhi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6614-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshavir","family":"Karapetyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickolas","family":"Yedgarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nezam","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinapu LLC, 6 Technology Dr., Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Venketaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae421","article-title":"Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: Patients, Principles, and Prospects","volume":"79","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. 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