{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:21:35Z","timestamp":1790216495438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iodine is an essential micronutrient that is required for thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis. However, adequate maternal thyroid function is critical for fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Pregnancy increases iodine requirements due to enhanced renal clearance, higher maternal TH production, and transplacental transfer, making pregnant women especially vulnerable to iodine deficiency. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms of TH synthesis and regulation, placental transport and metabolism, and the physiological adaptations of thyroid function during gestation. We also analyze the clinical and public health consequences of iodine imbalances, ranging from deficiency to excess. Evidence indicates that mild iodine deficiency\u2014which is common even in developed countries\u2014can lead to maternal thyroid overstimulation, increased thyroglobulin levels, altered T3\/T4 ratios, and enlarged thyroid volume, while severe deficiency results in maternal and fetal hypothyroidism with irreversible neurocognitive impairment in the offspring. Conversely, excessive iodine intake may impair fetal thyroid function through mechanisms such as the Wolff\u2013Chaikoff effect. In conclusion, ensuring balanced iodine intake through iodized salt, supplementation, and routine thyroid monitoring during pregnancy is essential to protect maternal health and optimize early neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:41:08Z","timestamp":1761122468000},"page":"10247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Critical Role of Iodine and Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Moreno-Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"\u00c9cole de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8832-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilo Fuentes","family":"Fuentes Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan F.","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2502-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina y Biolog\u00eda Experimental de Cuyo, IMBECU CCT Mendoza\u2014CONICET, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Juan Agust\u00edn Maza, Mendoza CP5519, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonatan J.","family":"Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Roble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Mendoza-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Resiliencia a Pandemias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. Andreina","family":"Rangel-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Resiliencia a Pandemias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma. Cecilia","family":"Opazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Santiago 7500975, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Santiago 7500975, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita K.","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta (CIIBBA), University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Resiliencia a Pandemias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9437-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Mackern-Oberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina y Biolog\u00eda Experimental de Cuyo, IMBECU CCT Mendoza\u2014CONICET, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza CP5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn L.","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorrenti, S., Baldini, E., Pironi, D., Lauro, A., D\u2019Orazi, V., Tartaglia, F., Tripodi, D., Lori, E., Gagliardi, F., and Pratico, M. 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