{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:05:54Z","timestamp":1781247954709,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometrial cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the female reproductive system, with incidence rising globally due to population ageing and life-style-related risk factors. Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger regulating diverse physiological processes, and its dysregulation has been increasingly implicated in carcinogenesis, including endometrial. Altered expression and function of Ca2+ channels, pumps, exchangers, and binding proteins disrupt the finely tuned balance of Ca2+ influx, efflux, and intracellular storage, leading to aberrant signalling that promotes tumour proliferation, migration, survival, and metastasis. This review summarises current knowledge on the molecular \u201cCa2+ toolkit\u201d in the human uterus, highlighting the role of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) components, Na+\/Ca2+ exchangers, purinergic receptors, P-type ATPases (SERCA, SPCA, PMCA), ryanodine (RyR) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3R) receptors, and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complexes in endometrial cancer progression. Multiple Ca2+-handling proteins, including CACNA1D, CACNA2D1, TRPV4, TRPV1, TRPM4, MCU, and RyR1, exhibit cancer-associated overexpression or functional changes, correlating with poor prognosis and aggressive disease features. Emerging evidence supports the therapeutic potential of targeting Ca2+ homeostasis using small-molecule inhibitors, ion channel modulators or gene-silencing strategies. These interventions may restore Ca2+ balance, induce apoptosis or autophagy, and suppress metastatic behaviour. While no clinical trials have yet explicitly focused on Ca2+ modulation in endometrial cancer, the diversity of dysregulated Ca2+ pathways offers a rich landscape for novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting key components of the Ca2+ signalling network holds promise for improving outcomes in endometrial cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1761182042000},"page":"10253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Calcium Homeostasis Machinery in the Human Uterus\u2014A Potential Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7205-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr K.","family":"Zakrzewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ferlay, J., Ervik, M., Lam, F., Laversanne, M., Colombet, M., Mery, L., Pi\u00f1eros, M., Znaor, A., Soerjomataram, I., and Bray, F. 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