{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:16:32Z","timestamp":1792703792655,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tissue covering the bones in synovial joints is called articular cartilage. Chondrocytes produce and maintain the extracellular matrix and, based on their shape and the orientation of the collagen fibers, articular cartilage is separated into four histological zones: superficial, middle, deep, and calcified zones. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disorder in which mechanical, biochemical, and inflammatory factors contribute to the disruption of the balance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. This article aims to review the literature published to date by identifying the techniques most used in immunohistochemistry and histology for the detection and grading of knee osteoarthritis in rabbit\/rat models. A systematic review was carried out using databases to find publications that assessed osteoarthritis in rabbit\/rat knee models using histological and immunohistochemical methods. Out of 766 initial articles, 56 met the criteria. Hematoxylin\u2013Eosin and Safranin O demonstrated clear distinctions between healthy and osteoarthritis cartilage. Immunohistochemical findings showed decreased expression of type II collagen and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and caspase-3 in osteoarthritis cartilage. Although both have limitations, histology stains are useful for evaluating cartilage structure and osteoarthritis progression. On the other hand, immunohistochemistry techniques support established osteoarthritis processes, including apoptosis, metalloproteinases activity, and collagen degradation. Future research should explore additional pathways to improve osteoarthritis understanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T08:14:04Z","timestamp":1761207244000},"page":"10300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histological and Immunohistochemical Methods in Normal and Osteoarthritic Knee Cartilage of Rat and Rabbit Models: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6798-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Sabucedo-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials, Ibonelab S.L., 27004 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3708-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Permuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4130-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6387-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.02.001","article-title":"Cartilage in Normal and Osteoarthritis Conditions","volume":"22","author":"Boileau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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