{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:02:33Z","timestamp":1782824553432,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"intramural funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various AML treatment regimens might trigger different immunological mechanisms against leukemic cells. The role of different immune cell subsets in the mediation of antileukemic processes is not clear. In this study, we longitudinally assessed (leukemia specific) immune subtype compositions in 17 AML patients before stem cell transplantation (SCT) at different timepoints in the course and in different stages of the disease using flow cytometry. Further we correlated immune cell compositions with patients\u2019 response to induction therapy and the median survival (3.8 months in our cohort) of the patients. Finally, we compared immune cell profiles from patients before and after SCT. (1) Patients in CR (compared to dgn and PD) were characterized by higher frequencies of leukemia-derived DC (DCleu), (leukemia-specific\u2014IFNg or TNF\u03b1 producing or CD107a degranulating) anti-tumor relevant T cells (Tgd, T\u03b27), central\/effector memory cells (Tcm, Tem), alongside with lower frequencies of (leukemia-specific) regulatory T cells. (2) Patients with higher frequencies of (leukemia-specific) antitumor relevant T cells, (leukemia-specific) memory T cells and NK cells demonstrated a prolonged median survival time and\/or responded better to induction (RTI) treatment (3) Comparing patients before and after SCT, only minimal differences were observed. However, patients in CRpreSCT exhibited higher frequencies of DC, Tcm, T\u03b27 and leukemia-specific iNKT cells compared to patients in CRpostSCT. (1) Immune monitoring qualifies to quantify (leukemia-specific) immune cells in different stages and under different treatment strategies in the course of AML. (2) Higher frequencies of activating and antitumor relevant leukemia-specific immune cell subtypes found after \u2018costimulatory\u2019 (especially KitM induced) treatment\u2019 and in CR. (3) In particular, DC\/DCleu, (leukemia-specific) antitumor-relevant T (memory) and NK cells seem to dominate in CR and positively influence RTI and survival. (4) Monitoring of (leukemia-specific) immune cell subtypes contribute to quantify individual AML patients\u2019 antileukemic potential in different stages and treatment groups and also could be used to predict patients\u2019 survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"10336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monitoring of (Leukemia-Specific) Immune Cells in Stages, Treatment Groups and in the Course of Disease and Therapy Contributes to Qualify Antileukemic Potential and Survival in Patients with AML"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joudi","family":"Abdulmajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Hartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Unterfrauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Schmieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linus","family":"Kruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bojko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Rotkreuzklinikum Munich, 80634 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Schmohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Diakonieklinikum Stuttgart, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7070-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Filippini Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga M.","family":"Schmetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Immunomodulation, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF) Comprehensive Cancer Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016867","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2022 recommendations from an international expert panel on behalf of the 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