{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:46:32Z","timestamp":1792525592846,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/ 001\/1149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/ 001\/1149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory disease related to cardiometabolic disorders (CMDs). Galectin-4 (gal-4) is involved in biological processes such as lipid raft stabilization, intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), inter alia, Charcot-Leyden crystal\/galectin-10 (CLC\/gal-10), are involved in eosinophil-derived diseases. To date, neither of these galectins has been investigated in the context of psoriasis. The study aimed to evaluate serum galectin-4 and -10 levels in psoriatic patients and explore potential relationships with disease activity, metabolic or inflammatory indices. Blood samples were collected from 60 patients with plaque-type psoriasis and 30 healthy volunteers and evaluated using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Morphological and biochemical indices were measured using routine laboratory techniques. Plasma gal-4 and gal-10 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Galectins did not correlate with the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) nor age (p &gt; 0.5); however, gal-4 showed a significant positive correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI), psoriasis duration (p = 0.03), and transaminase activity. Both proteins were the highest in obese psoriatics (p &lt; 0.05). The results indicate that galectin-4 and galectin-10 may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CMDs in psoriatics. These galectins represent promising candidates for biomarkers of metabolically driven inflammation, with galectin-4, in particular, emerging as a potential indicator of hepatic dysfunction in psoriatic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"10339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Plasma Galectin-4 and Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein\/Galectin-10 as Emerging Biomarkers of Metabolically Induced Inflammation in Patients with Psoriasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8018-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Nowowiejska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2018-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Parzych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna Magdalena","family":"Hermanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Sieklucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3751-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Flisiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00986-0","article-title":"The prevalent comorbidome at the onset of psoriasis diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Buja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18044","article-title":"Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: Implications for the management and treatment of psoriasis","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2023.130518","article-title":"The link between psoriasis and other diseases is based on epidemiological and genetic analyses","volume":"40","author":"Adamski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50591","article-title":"Beyond skin deep: Addressing comorbidities in psoriasis","volume":"212","author":"Kovitwanichkanont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Aus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15840","article-title":"Psoriasis: Comorbidities","volume":"48","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70050","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70050","article-title":"Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and psoriasis, psoriasis comorbidities, and all-cause mortality: A study based on NHANES","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.03.065","article-title":"Galectins","volume":"32","author":"Jacob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dings, R.P.M., Miller, M.C., Griffin, R.J., and Mayo, K.H. (2018). Galectins as molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030905"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9186940","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9186940","article-title":"The role of galectins as modulators of metabolism and inflammation","volume":"2018","author":"Brinchmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1396-1_1","article-title":"Evolving mechanistic insights into galectin functions","volume":"1207","author":"Arthur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran, A., Kiluk, P., Nowowiejska, J., Kaminski, T.W., Maciaszek, M., and Flisiak, I. (2022). Galectin-3 as a Novel Multifaceted and Not Only Cardiovascular Biomarker in Patients with Psoriasis with Regard to Systemic Treatment\u2014Preliminary Data. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11010088"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowowiejska, J., Baran, A., Hermanowicz, J.M., Sieklucka, B., Pawlak, D., and Flisiak, I. (2023). Evaluation of Plasma Concentrations of Galectins-1, 2, and 12 in Psoriasis and Their Clinical Implications. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101472"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0262-9","article-title":"The role of galectin-4 in physiology and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Cell."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2025, May 03). LGALS4 Galectin 4 [Homo Sapiens (Human)]. National Library of Medicine (NIH), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/3960."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ideo, H., Tsuchida, A., and Takada, Y. (2024). Lectin-Based Approaches to Analyze the Role of Glycans and Their Clinical Application in Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810231"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T.B., Dodd, S., Yu, L.-G., and Subramanian, S. (2020). Serum galectins as potential biomarkers of inflammatory bowel diseases. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227306"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02053-1","article-title":"Galectin Network in Osteoarthritis: Galectin-4 Programs a Pathogenic Signature of Gene and Effector Expression in Human Chondrocytes in Vitro","volume":"157","author":"Pichler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118613","article-title":"Relationship of proteins and subclinical cardiovascular traits in the population-based LIFE-Adult study","volume":"398","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (2025, May 05). Gene: Charcot-Leyden Crystal Galectin [Homo Sapiens (Human)]. National Library of Medicine (NIH), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/1178."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J. (2018). A Brief History of Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein\/Galectin-10 Research. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112931"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomizawa, H., Yamada, Y., Arima, M., Miyabe, Y., Fukuchi, M., Hikichi, H., Melo, R.C.N., Yamada, T., and Ueki, S. (2022). Galectin-10 as a Potential Biomarker for Eosinophilic Diseases. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101385"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.103844","article-title":"Charcot-Leyden crystals: An ancient but never so current discovery","volume":"44","author":"Gelardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/JID.2015.369","article-title":"Elevated Galectin-10 expression of IL-22-producing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Noh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13512","article-title":"The expression and function of galectins in skin physiology and pathology","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"619","article-title":"Galectins and cutaneous immunity","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3631","article-title":"Association of Psoriasis With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Cheng, H., Zhuang, J., Liu, X., Ouyang, Z., and Qian, R. (2025). Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: An umbrella review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1410506"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1252","article-title":"A galectin-specific signature in the gut delineates Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis from other human inflammatory intestinal disorders","volume":"42","author":"Gobbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Induced reactivity of intestinal CD4+ T cells with an epithelial cell lectin, Galectin-4, contributes to exacerbation of intestinal inflammation","volume":"173","author":"Hokama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paclik, D., Danese, S., Berndt, U., Wiedenmann, B., Dignass, A., and Sturm, A. (2008). Galectin-4 Controls Intestinal Inflammation by Selective Regulation of Peripheral and Mucosal T Cell Apoptosis and Cell Cycle. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002629"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0366-z","article-title":"Body mass index, abdominal fatness, weight gain and the risk of psoriasis: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"33","author":"Aune","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2021.100064","article-title":"Emerging roles of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis in obesity","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01559-9","article-title":"Galectin-4 levels in hospitalized versus non-hospitalized subjects with obesity: The Malm\u00f6 Preventive Project","volume":"21","author":"Korduner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieden, A., Gudmundsson, P., Korduner, J., Molvin, J., Zaghi, A., Nezami, Z., Bachus, E., Holm, H., Jujic, A., and Magnusson, M. (2023). Galectin-4 is associated with diabetes and obesity in a heart failure population. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47426-9"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molvin, J., Pareek, M., Jujic, A., Melander, O., R\u00e5stam, L., Lindblad, U., Daka, B., Le\u00f3sd\u00f3ttir, M., Nilsson, P.M., and Olsen, M.H. (2019). Using a Targeted Proteomics Chip to Explore Pathophysiological Pathways for Incident Diabetes- The Malm\u00f6 Preventive Project. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36512-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13036","article-title":"Proteomic exploration of common pathophysiological pathways in diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Molvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2024.100665","article-title":"In silico analysis of novel phytocompounds targeting dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzyme: A new link between prediabetes and its cardio-metabolic complications","volume":"4","author":"Mohanty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.112","article-title":"The Risk of Stroke in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"129","author":"Gelfand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jujic, A., Vieira, J.P.P., Matuskova, H., Nilsson, P.M., Lindblad, U., Olsen, M.H., Duarte, J.M.N., Meissner, A., and Magnusson, M. (2023). Plasma Galectin-4 Levels Are Increased after Stroke in Mice and Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202303.0373.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13456","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score in patients with psoriasis","volume":"30","author":"Gisondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i3.315","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and psoriasis: So far, so near","volume":"7","author":"Ganzetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13175","article-title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis in patients with moderate\u2013severe psoriasis: A cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"61","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.83983","article-title":"Non-alcoholic Fatty liver Disease in Patients with Psoriasis\u2014Therapeutic Implications","volume":"37","author":"Parcheta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2023.07.008","article-title":"Eosinophil-derived galectin-10 upregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression in bullous pemphigoid blisters","volume":"112","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.12.437","article-title":"Serum levels of galectin-10 increase in active eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"149","author":"Kamide","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8840","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110554","article-title":"Galectin-10 expression in placentas of women with gestational diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Buschmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unverdorben, L., Haufe, T., Santoso, L., Hofmann, S., Jeschke, U., and Hutter, S. (2016). Prototype and Chimera-Type Galectins in Placentas with Spontaneous and Recurrent Miscarriages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050644"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10339\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T04:27:15Z","timestamp":1761366435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262110339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262110339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}