{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:21:13Z","timestamp":1791908473842,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(\u00daNKP-19-4-SE-25)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(\u00daNKP-19-4-SE-25)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["(BO\/00147\/25\/5)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(BO\/00147\/25\/5)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. It affects ~10% of reproductive-aged individuals and is associated with dysmenorrhea and infertility. Although imaging modalities have improved diagnosis, laparoscopy is required in many cases, contributing to 4\u201311 years of diagnostic delay. Non-invasive biomarkers could improve diagnosis and clinical decision-making, yet no candidate has achieved sufficient accuracy for routine use. Galectins, a family of \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectins involved in angiogenesis, immune regulation, and fibrosis, have emerged as promising biomarkers. In this study, we measured serum Galectin-1 (Gal-1) concentrations in 80 women with endometriosis and 15 controls using ELISA at four time points. Preoperative Gal-1 levels were significantly higher in endometriosis patients, particularly in Stage III\u2013IV disease. ROC analysis yielded a modest diagnostic performance (AUC 0.692; p = 0.011) with high sensitivity (91.3%) and excellent negative predictive value (96.8%) but low specificity (46.7%) at a study-derived threshold (&gt;14.06 ng\/mL). Longitudinally, Gal-1 levels decreased immediately after surgery and rose above baseline by one year, while no significant correlations with preoperative pain severity were observed. These findings suggest that serum Gal-1 alone is insufficient as a diagnostic test but may be useful for multi-marker strategies to improve early diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:51:42Z","timestamp":1761526302000},"page":"10390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serum Galectin-1 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Endometriosis: A Prospective Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Reka","family":"Brubel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora Bianka","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8687-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Polgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7626 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Szereday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7626 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Hudelist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology, Centre for Endometriosis, Hospital St. John of God, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Rudolfinerhaus Private Clinic and Campus, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandor","family":"Acs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Bokor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"382","author":"Zondervan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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