{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:32:18Z","timestamp":1792726338474,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":315,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002583","name":"Gyeongsang National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002583","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global temperature rise has become a critical challenge to agricultural sustainability, severely affecting crop growth, productivity, and survival. Human-induced climate change and greenhouse gas emissions cause heat stress, disrupting plant metabolism and physiology at all developmental stages from germination to harvest. Elevated temperatures during germination impair water uptake, enzyme activity, and energy metabolism, leading to poor or uneven seedling emergence. At key phases such as flowering and grain filling, heat stress limits photosynthesis and transpiration by inducing stomatal closure, restricting carbon dioxide intake, and reducing photosynthetic efficiency. The reproductive stage is particularly vulnerable to high temperatures, impairing pollen viability, preventing anther dehiscence, and reducing fertilization success. Membrane instability further accelerates chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence. Heat stress also alters biochemical and hormonal balances by disrupting the synthesis and signaling of auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid (ABA). Elevated ABA promotes stomatal closure to enhance stress tolerance, while increased ethylene levels trigger premature leaf senescence and abscission. These hormonal shifts and oxidative stress hinder plant growth and reproduction, threatening global food security. Although plants employ adaptive mechanisms such as heat shock protein expression and stress-responsive gene regulation, current strategies remain inadequate, highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches to improve crop resilience under rising temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T09:16:07Z","timestamp":1761642967000},"page":"10426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Adapting Crops to Rising Temperatures: Understanding Heat Stress and Plant Resilience Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anand","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pandiyan","family":"Muthuramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GreenBio Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reetesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Biosciences & Technology, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savitri","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laxmidas","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya 224229, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GreenBio Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunsuk","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of GreenBio Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14050","article-title":"Plant Heat Stress: Concepts Directing Future Research","volume":"44","author":"Jagadish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"The Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Global Climate Patterns","volume":"13","author":"Ugah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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