{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T05:39:06Z","timestamp":1761802746439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from raw cow\u2019s milk were examined for genetic diversity, ability to produce biogenic amines (including histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, 2-phenylethylamine) and the presence of corresponding amino acid decarboxylase genes. Identification of 29 strains obtained from Polish farms was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF MS) methods, and their genetic relationships were assessed by the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique. Amine production capacity was assessed in vitro on synthetic medium, while the presence of decarboxylase genes (hdcA, tyrS, tyrDC, Odc, ldc) was detected by molecular assays, with the use of optimized primers enabling the detection of tyrDC in strains previously considered negative. The results showed high variability between strains and the ability of some isolates to produce high concentrations of tyrDC (max. &gt; 1000 mg\/kg); the presence of the tyrDC gene was strongly correlated with high production, although tyrDC-positive strains with low production were also reported, suggesting the influence of regulatory or environmental factors. The study underscores the need for precise molecular tools and systematic monitoring of biogenic amines to ensure the safety and quality of dairy products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:02:01Z","timestamp":1761670921000},"page":"10480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Identification and Biogenic Amine Production Capacity of Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Raw Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7002-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Wi\u015bniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszy\u0144ski 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1474-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.04.016","article-title":"Review: Nutrient Density and Nutritional Value of Meat Products and Non-Meat Foods High in Protein","volume":"65","author":"Bohrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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