{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:06:45Z","timestamp":1791576405154,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-043"]}]},{"name":"the Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Program","award":["202501AT070074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202501AT070074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coinfection with influenza virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) increases mortality during influenza pandemics; however, its specific impact on Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia (MPP) patients or animal models remains unclear. The underlying mechanisms of influenza A virus (IAV)\u2013MP interactions are not fully understood. To investigate the causes of heightened mortality, we established a lethal sequential coinfection mouse model using H3N2 influenza and MP. Coinfection led to prolonged viral persistence, enhanced pulmonary immune cell infiltration, and significantly elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CCL3, CCL4, and G-CSF; p &lt; 0.05\u20130.001), culminating in severe pneumonia. Notably, coinfected mice exhibited impaired CD8+ T-cell responses (p &lt; 0.05) and increased pulmonary IL-6 and IL-1\u03b1 levels (p &lt; 0.05) compared with the controls. Our findings demonstrate that IAV-MP coinfection induces immune-mediated lung injury, which likely contributes to the observed mortality. This study provides critical insights into the immunopathogenesis of coinfection and suggests potential therapeutic targets for managing coinfected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:02:01Z","timestamp":1761670921000},"page":"10487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influenza A Virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Coinfection Mediates Immune Dysregulation and Exacerbates Disease Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases in Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases in Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases in Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyun","family":"Chuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases in Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Transformation, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production Department, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases in Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Sheng, Z.-M., Williams, S.L., and Taubenberger, J.K. 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