{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:17:27Z","timestamp":1790803047875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although female (XX) and male (XY) placentas generally function the same, it is evident that there are sex-specific postnatal health outcomes following placental dysfunction and pregnancy complications. Although the underlying causes for these sex differences are unclear, it is postulated that differences in XX and XY placental function are involved due to sex chromosomes and\/or sex steroids. Studies in breast and prostate cancer cells demonstrated a role for the citrullination enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in post-translational regulation of estrogen (ESR) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The goal of this study is to determine if PAD2 is present in mouse placentas and if XX versus XY differences exist in the relative level of PAD2. Fetuses and placentas were collected from three pregnant mice (C57BL6) at 14 days of gestation. Total RNA and protein were isolated from XX and XY placentas, and relative mRNA and protein were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot. AR and PAD2 levels were significantly higher in XY than in XX placentas. This study is the first to demonstrate XX and XY differences in PAD2 and AR in the placenta. It suggests a role for PAD2 regulation of androgen receptor signaling in the XY placenta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1761759502000},"page":"10523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relative Expression of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 and Sex Steroid Receptors in XX and XY Mouse Placenta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Wewer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8799-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Autumn","family":"Bennitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hinners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Helmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Schnepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5232-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata M.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit J.","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Insulin resistance early in adulthood in subjects born with intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"85","author":"Jaquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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