{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:30:43Z","timestamp":1761874243179,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal tobacco smoke exposure is associated with impaired fetal growth and long-term disease risk (DOHaD, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). Whether placental steroid hormones are independently altered remains a matter of debate. We quantified six placental steroids (estradiol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, testosterone, and pregnanediol) using HPLC\u2013Corona CAD in 70 deliveries (C = 30; PS = 20; AS = 20). Distributional differences were assessed with Kruskal\u2013Wallis and pairwise Mann\u2013Whitney tests with Benjamini\u2013Hochberg (BH) control. Adjusted associations used log-linear OLS with HC3 robust SE: Model A (gestational age, maternal BMI, newborn sex) and Model B (Model A + birth weight), reported as percent change vs. controls, computed as (exp(\u03b2) \u2212 1) \u00d7 100 with 95% CI. Secondary analyses tested (i) multiclass logistic classification of C\/PS\/AS from the steroid panel (5-fold stratified CV) and (ii) prediction of birth weight (OLS and 2-component PLS). All six steroids differed by group (BH-adjusted p ranging from 9.18 \u00d7 10\u221212 to 6.66 \u00d7 10\u22128). In Model A, AS vs. C showed lower estrogens\/progestins (estradiol, \u221246.2%; estriol, \u221224.7%; estrone, \u221225.9%; progesterone, \u221228.2%; pregnanediol, \u221231.4%) and higher testosterone (+40.8%); these effects persisted in Model B after adjusting for birth weight. The panel classified C\/PS\/AS with 0.900 cross-validated accuracy (weighted OvR AUC 0.994). Hormones poorly predicted birth weight (PLS CV R2 = \u22120.777). Maternal active and passive smoking is associated with a coherent and independent disruption of placental steroidogenesis. A targeted placental steroid panel offers biologically meaningful early markers relevant to DOHaD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"10548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeted Analysis of Placental Steroid Hormones in Relation to Maternal Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Early Markers Relevant to DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5646-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Kot\u0142owska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6454-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Fitzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Communication and Public Relations, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, 012104 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Institute for Quality of Life Research, Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Stettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Operative Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital 4 Dr. K. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Narkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 11\/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogumi\u0142a","family":"Kie\u0142bratowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Szefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.21154","article-title":"Fetal Programming: Could Intrauterin Life Affect Health Status in Adulthood?","volume":"64","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237424","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Brief History of the Approach and Current Focus on Epigenetic Mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. 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