{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:57:51Z","timestamp":1791838671057,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2305\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2305\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["307994\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307994\/2023-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea is a common but underdiagnosed sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to intermittent episodes of hypoxia and systemic consequences. Anatomical and ventilatory control factors are well-established contributors, but less is known about how mitochondria influence upper airway muscle function in this condition. As central regulators of muscle performance and cellular adaptation to hypoxia, mitochondria are particularly vulnerable to dysfunction under chronic intermittent hypoxia. Mitochondrial dysfunction increases production of reactive oxygen species, predisposing to oxidative stress, that further impairs mitochondrial function. This review focuses on the mitochondrial involvement in obstructive sleep apnea, specifically synthesizing findings on the impact on upper airway muscles. The role of mitochondrial alterations in muscle dysfunction in this context is not well understood. A better understanding of oxidative damage in these muscles may also contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches, including antioxidant strategies, to mitigate the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia in the upper airway muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"10562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Mitochondria in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Implications for the Upper Airway Muscles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6600-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Carlos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilmar Fernandes","family":"do Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia Harumi","family":"Tengan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60734-5","article-title":"Adult obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"383","author":"Jordan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Zhen, P.H., Yu, F.C., Wang, T., Li, S.N., Wei, Q., and Tong, J.Y. 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