{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:48:38Z","timestamp":1790844518782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32170784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32570918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32570918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32170707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32470803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32470803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protein aggregates are central to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. This comprehensive review explores the mechanisms of protein misfolding and aggregation, their prion-like propagation, and the critical role of oligomeric species in neurotoxicity. It further examines cellular clearance pathways, including the ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system and autophagy, alongside the regulatory functions of molecular chaperones. The review also covers advanced diagnostic imaging and biomarker techniques, as well as emerging therapeutic strategies such as pharmacological agents, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Controversies regarding the toxicity of aggregates and future directions, including novel degradation technologies and targeted therapeutic approaches, are discussed. By integrating current knowledge, this review aims to provide a broad yet detailed overview of the field, highlighting both established concepts and promising avenues for research and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"10568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Current Understanding of Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6456-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90458-8","article-title":"Visualization of A beta 42(43) and A beta 40 in senile plaques with end-specific A beta monoclonals: Evidence that an initially deposited species is A beta 42(43)","volume":"13","author":"Iwatsubo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6469","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"95","author":"Spillantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 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