{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:07:09Z","timestamp":1792789629187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CLEARbridge Foundation"},{"name":"Lincoln Centre"},{"name":"Woodend Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by variable clinical manifestations and a complex, often unpredictable disease trajectory, which hinders early diagnosis and personalized treatment. This review highlights recent breakthroughs in biomarker discovery, emphasizing the transformative impact of multi-omics technologies and deep profiling of the synovial microenvironment. Advances in genomics and transcriptomics have identified key genetic variants and expression signatures associated with disease susceptibility, progression, and therapeutic response. Complementary insights from proteomics and metabolomics have elucidated dynamic molecular patterns linked to inflammation and joint destruction. Concurrently, microbiome research has positioned gut microbiota as a compelling source of non-invasive biomarkers with both diagnostic and immunomodulatory relevance. The integration of these diverse data modalities through advanced bioinformatics platforms enables the construction of comprehensive biomarker panels, offering a multidimensional molecular portrait of RA. When coupled with synovial tissue profiling, these approaches facilitate the identification of spatially resolved biomarkers essential for localized disease assessment and precision therapeutics. These innovations are transforming RA care by enabling earlier detection, improved disease monitoring, and personalized treatment strategies that aim to optimize patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"10594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biomarkers and the Latest Breakthroughs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meilang","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frida","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn","family":"March","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Vollenhoven, R.F. 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