{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:10:45Z","timestamp":1791835845189,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), particularly diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and atherosclerosis (AS). This review comprehensively explores the metabolic pathways underlying ferroptosis, including dysregulation of iron, lipid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism, as well as involvement of the mevalonate pathway and key regulators such as NRF2 and p53. We analyze the cell type-specific mechanisms through which ferroptosis contributes to DCM and AS, driving myocardial dysfunction, plaque instability, and inflammatory amplification. Furthermore, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis, such as iron chelators, antioxidants, lipoxygenase inhibitors, ACSL4 inhibitors, nitroxides, and selenium supplements, which demonstrate potential in mitigating oxidative stress, restoring iron homeostasis, and suppressing inflammation. This review underscores the clinical relevance of targeting ferroptosis and highlights its promise as a novel therapeutic avenue for treating cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"10661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ferroptosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wenqiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xumeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongzhen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5093-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth C. P.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121023222139","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733998255538231001122639","article-title":"An Overview of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"20","author":"Quaiyoom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.3.657","article-title":"Coronary plaque disruption","volume":"92","author":"Falk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01229-2","article-title":"The residual cardiorenal risk in type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Giugliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0164-5","article-title":"The molecular machinery of regulated cell death","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00689-6","article-title":"A guide to cell death pathways","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(03)00050-3","article-title":"Identification of genotype-selective antitumor agents using synthetic lethal chemical screening in engineered human tumor cells","volume":"3","author":"Dolma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2008.02.010","article-title":"Synthetic lethal screening identifies compounds activating iron-dependent, nonapoptotic cell death in oncogenic-RAS-harboring cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603244113","article-title":"Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis","volume":"113","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.03.002","article-title":"Ferroptosis is a type of autophagy-dependent cell death","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.02.005","article-title":"Autophagy-Dependent Ferroptosis: Machinery and Regulation","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-017-0139-5","article-title":"Autophagy and Ferroptosis\u2014What\u2019s the Connection?","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pathobiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-03076-7","article-title":"Ferritinophagy mediated by the AMPK\/ULK1 pathway is involved in ferroptosis subsequent to ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"25","author":"Ou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00943-y","article-title":"p53 in ferroptosis regulation: The new weapon for the old guardian","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, K., Yang, Y., Zhou, K., Deng, N., Tian, Z., Wu, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, F., and Jiang, Z. (2023). The role of ROS-induced pyroptosis in CVD. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1116509"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03478-3","article-title":"Gasdermin D pore structure reveals preferential release of mature interleukin-1","volume":"593","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.14744\/AnatolJCardiol.2023.3606","article-title":"Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury: Mechanism and Targeted Treatment for Ferroptosis","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, L., Zhang, Z., Chen, P., Shu, H., Yang, C., Chu, Y., and Liu, J. (2023). Ferroptosis: An important player in the inflammatory response in diabetic nephropathy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1294317"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000362888","article-title":"Physiology of iron metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Waeber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01969-z","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in human diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Moustarah, F., and Daley, S.F. (2025). Dietary Iron. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MT00143F","article-title":"The transferrin receptor: The cellular iron gate","volume":"9","author":"Gammella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801318105","article-title":"Structure of the membrane proximal oxidoreductase domain of human Steap3, the dominant ferrireductase of the erythroid transferrin cycle","volume":"105","author":"Sendamarai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02933-x","article-title":"DMT1-dependent endosome-mitochondria interactions regulate mitochondrial iron translocation and metastatic outgrowth","volume":"43","author":"Barra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.10.013","article-title":"Regulation of iron transport and the role of transferrin","volume":"1820","author":"Gkouvatsos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04490-1","article-title":"Double-edge sword roles of iron in driving energy production versus instigating ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L.H., Fefelova, N., Pamarthi, S.H., and Gwathmey, J.K. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Relevance to Cardiovascular Disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172726"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00648-1","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"Galy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gryzik, M., Asperti, M., Denardo, A., Arosio, P., and Poli, M. (2021). NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy promotes ferroptosis induced by erastin, but not by RSL3 in HeLa cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 1868.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2020.118913"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.01.003","article-title":"The iron exporter ferroportin\/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Donovan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.01.011","article-title":"Iron uptake and transfer from ceruloplasmin to transferrin","volume":"1840","author":"Eid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.04.004","article-title":"Non-transferrin bound iron","volume":"531","author":"Angoro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Wang, H., Yan, B., Nie, X., Chen, Q., Yang, X., Lei, M., Guo, X., Ouyang, C., and Ren, Z. (2024). Ferroptosis in Cardiovascular Diseases and Ferroptosis-Related Intervention Approaches. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-024-07642-5"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.030","article-title":"Phospholipids with two polyunsaturated fatty acyl tails promote ferroptosis","volume":"187","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01077-y","article-title":"An integrated view of lipid metabolism in ferroptosis revisited via lipidomic analysis","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00216-5","article-title":"The interaction between ferroptosis and lipid metabolism in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002533","article-title":"Acyl-CoA synthase ACSL4: An essential target in ferroptosis and fatty acid metabolism","volume":"136","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.05.003","article-title":"Regulation of ferroptosis by lipid metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Pope","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Chen, Y., Mo, D., Jin, R., Huang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., Gao, H., and Yan, Q. (2023). Inhibition of ACSL4 ameliorates tubular ferroptotic cell death and protects against fibrotic kidney disease. Commun. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05272-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01004-z","article-title":"ACSL4, PUFA, and ferroptosis: New arsenal in anti-tumor immunity","volume":"7","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.11.016","article-title":"Exogenous Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Promote a Ferroptosis-Resistant Cell State","volume":"26","author":"Magtanong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.09.009","article-title":"Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1: New insights into a central regulator of cancer metabolism","volume":"1861 Pt A","author":"Igal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00769-0","article-title":"Peroxisome-driven ether-linked phospholipids biosynthesis is essential for ferroptosis","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.027","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis: The role of GSH and GPx4","volume":"152","author":"Ursini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.014","article-title":"Role of GPX4 in ferroptosis and its pharmacological implication","volume":"133","author":"Seibt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b01063","article-title":"GTP Cyclohydrolase 1\/Tetrahydrobiopterin Counteract Ferroptosis through Lipid Remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Kraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.06.011","article-title":"Glutaminolysis and Transferrin Regulate Ferroptosis","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, M., Kusumi, R., Hamashima, S., Kobayashi, S., Sasaki, S., Komiyama, Y., Izumikawa, T., Conrad, M., Bannai, S., and Sato, H. (2018). The ferroptosis inducer erastin irreversibly inhibits system x(c)- and synergizes with cisplatin to increase cisplatin\u2019s cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19213-4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14446","article-title":"Regulators of the transsulfuration pathway","volume":"176","author":"Sbodio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.02.007","article-title":"Cysteine Metabolism in Neuronal Redox Homeostasis","volume":"39","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5455","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinases upregulate system xc(-) via eukaryotic initiation factor 2\u03b1 and activating transcription factor 4\u2014A pathway active in glioblastomas and epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Lewerenz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.09.009","article-title":"NRF2 Is a Major Target of ARF in p53-Independent Tumor Suppression","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.09.013","article-title":"Thiol-containing molecules interact with the myeloperoxidase\/H2O2\/chloride system to inhibit LDL oxidation","volume":"337","author":"Boudjeltia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.3.879","article-title":"Pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of circulating heme","volume":"100","author":"Jeney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.10.011","article-title":"Cysteine is not a substrate but a specific modulator of human ASCT2 (SLC1A5) transporter","volume":"589","author":"Scalise","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.01.001","article-title":"Role of glutamate transporters in redox homeostasis of the brain","volume":"73","author":"Robert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-017-0165-0","article-title":"The \u03b1-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in cancer metabolic plasticity","volume":"5","author":"Vatrinet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59565-2.00046-0","article-title":"Defects in amino acid catabolism and the urea cycle","volume":"113","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.010","article-title":"Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2017.12.002","article-title":"Disrupting the \u2019Warburg effect\u2019 re-routes cancer cells to OXPHOS offering a vulnerability point via \u2019ferroptosis\u2019-induced cell death","volume":"68","author":"Daher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Regul."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.77","article-title":"Reprogramming glucose metabolism in cancer: Can it be exploited for cancer therapy?","volume":"16","author":"Hay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100997","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100997","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Energy Metabolism in Ferroptosis Regulation of Tumor Cells","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.06.008","article-title":"The TCA cycle as a bridge between oncometabolism and DNA transactions in cancer","volume":"47","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS signaling in organismal homeostasis","volume":"163","author":"Shadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Lemire, J., Mailloux, R.J., and Appanna, V.D. (2008). A novel strategy involved anti-oxidative defense: The conversion of NADH into NADPH by a metabolic network. PLoS ONE, 3, Erratum in PLoS ONE 2008, 3, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/annotation\/5fac086b-3806-4aa9-a5c5-2611b3355f8f.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/5fac086b-3806-4aa9-a5c5-2611b3355f8f"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.05.032","article-title":"AMPK: Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance","volume":"66","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8468","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9468","article-title":"O-GlcNAcylation of G6PD promotes the pentose phosphate pathway and tumor growth","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.08.025","article-title":"The interaction of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in liver diseases","volume":"56","author":"Bechmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0029-2","article-title":"NAFLD-HCC: Target cholesterol","volume":"15","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3940-5","article-title":"Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"59","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.02.019","article-title":"Acetate\/acetyl-CoA metabolism associated with cancer fatty acid synthesis: Overview and application","volume":"356 Pt A","author":"Yoshii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07928-x","article-title":"Structure and inhibition mechanism of the catalytic domain of human squalene epoxidase","volume":"10","author":"Padyana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-007-0052-y","article-title":"Bioenergetic and antioxidant properties of coenzyme Q10: Recent developments","volume":"37","author":"Littarru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2016.03.010","article-title":"Coenzyme Q biosynthesis and its role in the respiratory chain structure","volume":"1857","author":"Navas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2007.03.009","article-title":"The role of Coenzyme Q in mitochondrial electron transport","volume":"7","author":"Lenaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A Regulated Cell Death Nexus Linking Metabolism, Redox Biology, and Disease","volume":"171","author":"Stockwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-018-0353-6","article-title":"The effect of statin treatment on circulating coenzyme Q10 concentrations: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.10.014","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantle, D., Dewsbury, M., and Hargreaves, I.P. (2024). The Ubiquinone-Ubiquinol Redox Cycle and Its Clinical Consequences: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126765"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiebert, P. (2021). The Nrf2 transcription factor: A multifaceted regulator of the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol. Plus, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbplus.2021.100057"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.12.005","article-title":"Nrf2\/ARE pathway activation, HO-1 and NQO1 induction by polychlorinated biphenyl quinone is associated with reactive oxygen species and PI3K\/AKT signaling","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasik, U., Milkiewicz, M., Kempinska-Podhorodecka, A., and Milkiewicz, P. (2017). Protection against oxidative stress mediated by the Nrf2\/Keap1 axis is impaired in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44769"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodson, M., Castro-Portuguez, R., and Zhang, D.D. (2019). NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Redox Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101107"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2017.65","article-title":"Nrf2-Keap1 pathway promotes cell proliferation and diminishes ferroptosis","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14344","article-title":"Ferroptosis as a p53-mediated activity during tumour suppression","volume":"520","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47563","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847563","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of ferroptosis by H2B monoubiquitination and p53","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0305-6","article-title":"ALOX12 is required for p53-mediated tumour suppression through a distinct ferroptosis pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Hu, W., and Feng, Z. (2020). The Regulation of Ferroptosis by Tumor Suppressor p53 and its Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218387"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Gai, C., Ding, D., Wang, F., and Li, W. (2018). Targeted p53 on Small-Molecules-Induced Ferroptosis in Cancers. Front. Oncol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00507"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1177","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1177","article-title":"Progress in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Shou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, M., Huang, X., Li, M., Lou, P., Ma, H., Jiang, X., Zhou, Y., and Liu, Y. (2024). Ferroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy: From its mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1421838"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104665","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i6.104665","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A novel therapeutic target for diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412698","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412698","article-title":"DNA-PKcs-Driven YAP1 Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation: A Key Regulator of Ferroptosis in Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, W., Xie, S., and Deng, W. (2024). Ferroptosis mechanisms and regulations in cardiovascular diseases in the past, present, and future. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09853-w"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06807-2","article-title":"Advances in research on immunocyte iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and their regulatory roles in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02183-5","article-title":"Irisin attenuates type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy by anti-ferroptosis via SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.10.005","article-title":"Ferroptosis is essential for diabetic cardiomyopathy and is prevented by sulforaphane via AMPK\/NRF2 pathways","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibianu, M., and Slevin, M. (2025). The Pathogenic Role of C-Reactive Protein in Diabetes-Linked Unstable Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146855"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035655","article-title":"Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma","volume":"349","author":"Kolodgie","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143233.87854.23","article-title":"Plaque neovascularization is increased in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta: Implications for plaque vulnerability","volume":"110","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/35051594","article-title":"Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor","volume":"409","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.852","article-title":"Hemoglobin directs macrophage differentiation and prevents foam cell formation in human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"59","author":"Finn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1787","article-title":"Heme, heme oxygenase, and ferritin: How the vascular endothelium survives (and dies) in an iron-rich environment","volume":"9","author":"Balla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochette, L., Dogon, G., Rigal, E., Zeller, M., Cottin, Y., and Vergely, C. (2022). Lipid Peroxidation and Iron Metabolism: Two Corner Stones in the Homeostasis Control of Ferroptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010449"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47160-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidation. Formation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives","volume":"269","author":"Rubbo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.16.1899","article-title":"Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease","volume":"101","author":"Britten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93147-F","article-title":"Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis","volume":"340","author":"Celermajer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303422","article-title":"Shear stress-initiated signaling and its regulation of endothelial function","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01946.x","article-title":"Nitrate tolerance and the links with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress","volume":"56","author":"Fayers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T., Wang, K., Li, Y., Ye, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, J., and Yao, C. (2021). Construction of a Novel Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signature of Atherosclerosis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.800833"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, J., Zhu, T., Tian, X., Liu, S., and Zhang, S.L. (2024). Exploration of ferroptosis and necroptosis-related genes and potential molecular mechanisms in psoriasis and atherosclerosis. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1372303"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6291889","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6291889","article-title":"From Iron Metabolism to Ferroptosis: Pathologic Changes in Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"2022","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04054-3","article-title":"Ferroptosis: The potential value target in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk1200","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk1200","article-title":"Identification of a targeted ACSL4 inhibitor to treat ferroptosis-related diseases","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Hong, Y., An, S., Park, U., Shin, J., Lee, J., Oh, M.S., Lee, B.C., Yu, K.H., and Lim, J.S. (2023). Machine learning-based prediction of post-stroke cognitive status using electroencephalography-derived brain network attributes. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1238274"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khodaverdian, V., Tapadar, S., MacDonald, I.A., Xu, Y., Ho, P.Y., Bridges, A., Rajpurohit, P., Sanghani, B.A., Fan, Y., and Thangaraju, M. (2019). Deferiprone: Pan-selective Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibition Activity and Structure Activity Relationship Study. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39214-1"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gensluckner, S., Wernly, B., Datz, C., and Aigner, E. (2024). Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020208"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Paola, A., Tortora, C., Argenziano, M., Marrapodi, M.M., and Rossi, F. (2022). Emerging Roles of the Iron Chelators in Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147977"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punziano, C., Trombetti, S., Cesaro, E., Grosso, M., and Faraonio, R. (2024). Antioxidant Systems as Modulators of Ferroptosis: Focus on Transcription Factors. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13030298"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.293157","article-title":"Liproxstatin-1 is an effective inhibitor of oligodendrocyte ferroptosis induced by inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01297-7","article-title":"Recent progress in ferroptosis: Inducers and inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2020.106411","article-title":"An overview of lipoxygenase inhibitors with approach of in vivo studies","volume":"148","author":"Orafaie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.7b00589","article-title":"Resolving the Role of Lipoxygenases in the Initiation and Execution of Ferroptosis","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-024-05150-6","article-title":"The role of ACSL4 in stroke: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"480","author":"Zhuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00199","article-title":"A Mitochondrial-Targeted Nitroxide Is a Potent Inhibitor of Ferroptosis","volume":"2","author":"Krainz","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.02.005","article-title":"Ferroptosis Inhibition: Mechanisms and Opportunities","volume":"38","author":"Angeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Luo, Y.L., Xiang, Y., Bai, X.Y., Qiang, R.R., Zhang, X., Yang, Y.L., and Liu, X.L. (2024). Ferroptosis inhibitors: Past, present and future. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1407335"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02044-w","article-title":"Regulation of cardiac ferroptosis in diabetic human heart failure: Uncovering molecular pathways and key targets","volume":"10","author":"Gawargi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70116","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70116","article-title":"Potential Significance of Targeting Ferroptosis for Intervention of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markelic, M., Stancic, A., Saksida, T., Grigorov, I., Micanovic, D., Velickovic, K., and Martinovic, V. (2023). Defining the ferroptotic phenotype of beta cells in type 1 diabetes and its inhibition as a potential antidiabetic strategy. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1227498"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fei, Y., and Ding, Y. (2024). The role of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Front. Cell Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1475934"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01773-x","article-title":"Antioxidant proteins can be potential targets in ameliorating ferroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy: A literature review","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221076397","article-title":"Iron overload cardiomyopathy: Using the latest evidence to inform future applications","volume":"247","author":"Kumfu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wongjaikam, S., Kumfu, S., Khamseekaew, J., Sripetchwandee, J., Srichairatanakool, S., Fucharoen, S., Chattipakorn, S.C., and Chattipakorn, N. (2016). Combined Iron Chelator and Antioxidant Exerted Greater Efficacy on Cardioprotection Than Monotherapy in Iron-Overloaded Rats. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159414"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01025-1","article-title":"Ferroptosis is involved in PGPS-induced otitis media in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7721","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00288","article-title":"Neutrophil-Membrane-Coated Biomineralized Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Treatment by Targeting Gene Silencing","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500221","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500221","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography Imaging-Guided Polydopamine Nanoparticles Attenuate Foam Cell Ferroptosis for Targeted Antiatherosclerotic Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T05:38:18Z","timestamp":1762234698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262110661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262110661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}