{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:16:00Z","timestamp":1762492560090,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica de la Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","award":["IN207524","IN207624","IN209124","IN218325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN207524","IN207624","IN209124","IN218325"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["214971","696979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214971","696979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fondo Alejandro Bay\u00f3n","award":["Lab D-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lab D-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The central nervous system is highly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation during the neonatal period, leading to long-term neurological damage. Growth hormone (GH) has shown neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects in response to hypoxic injury. This study investigated GH effects on cell survival, inflammatory, and glial activation markers in the developing cerebellum, as well as its impact on motor coordination and anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood following neonatal hypoxia. Global hypoxia was induced in postnatal day 2 Wistar rats (8% O2, 2 h), followed by subcutaneous GH treatment (0.1 mg\/kg\/d) for five days. Neonatal hypoxia triggered a sustained inflammatory response in the developing cerebellum, with increased expression of TLR-4, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, and pNF-\u03baB, persistent gliosis, myelin disruption, and Purkinje cell loss, leading to impaired adult behavior. GH exhibited a biphasic effect\u2014initially proinflammatory, then anti-inflammatory\u2014ultimately downregulating proinflammatory markers and activating prosurvival pathways (pStat5, pErk1\/2, pAkt, Bcl-2, TNF-R2, IGF-1). GH also reduced microglial (Iba-1) and astrocytic (GFAP) hypertrophy, restored MBP and \u03b2-III tubulin levels, enhanced Purkinje cell survival, and improved motor coordination and anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. These findings demonstrate that GH modulates the cerebellar inflammatory response and supports its therapeutic potential to counteract neuroinflammation and dysfunction following neonatal hypoxic injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"10671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth Hormone Effects on Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation in the Developing Cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rosario","family":"Baltazar-Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Hormonas, Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Hormonas, Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Hormonas, Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"\u00c1vila-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Hormonas, Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ar\u00e1mburo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Hormonas, Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricela","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Hormonas, Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.02.054","article-title":"Cerebellum: History","volume":"162","author":"Glickstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzban, H., Del Bigio, M.R., Alizadeh, J., Ghavami, S., Zachariah, R.M., and Rastegar, M. 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