{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:53:05Z","timestamp":1790027585683,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Research and Innovation Minister","award":["PN-IV-P7-7.1-PED-2024-1882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-IV-P7-7.1-PED-2024-1882"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Residual inflammatory risk after acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) remains a critical contributor to atherosclerosis progression and plaque destabilization. Inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), resistin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) may provide additional insights into coronary lesion complexity and vulnerability. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the association of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), resistin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with coronary disease extent; functional significance of non-culprit lesions, assessed by fractional flow reserve (FFR); and plaque vulnerability, assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This prospective study enrolled 93 ACS patients undergoing invasive coronary assessment for an ACS. Inflammatory biomarkers were measured at admission and 6 months post-event. Patients were stratified post hoc into tertiles by biomarker distribution. SYNTAX score, FFR, and OCT-defined thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) were used to characterize lesion burden and morphology. Multivariate logistic regression was performed adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors and ACS type. Higher tertiles of IL-1ra, resistin, and CRP were significantly associated with increased SYNTAX score (p &lt; 0.05), FFR &lt; 0.80 (68% in the highest tertile), and presence of TCFA (62% vs. 20%, p &lt; 0.01). All biomarkers correlated with coronary disease severity. In multivariate logistic models, IL-1ra (OR 1.23 per 100 pg\/mL, p = 0.03), resistin (OR 2.35 per 1 ng\/mL, p = 0.001), and CRP (OR 1.11 per 0.001 ng\/mL, p = 0.006) independently predicted high-risk coronary profiles. IL-1ra, resistin, and CRP are independently associated with lesion complexity, functional significance, and vulnerability in ACS. Inflammatory biomarker profiling may provide complementary anatomical and physiological assessment in future ACS risk stratification strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"10683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Linking Systemic Inflammation to Coronary Lesion Complexity: A Combined FFR and OCT Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8066-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta-Monica","family":"Popa-Fotea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miruna-Mihaela","family":"Micheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-8023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Calmac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Scarlatescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Zamfir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmin","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Bataila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1050-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Marian","family":"Dr\u0103goescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Ploscaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca-Elena","family":"Mitran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Bacaliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Tonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"Scafa-Udri\u0219te","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Eroii Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Hospital, 8, Calea Floreasca, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e41","article-title":"2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data from the American Heart Association","volume":"151","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.020","article-title":"2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Novel Therapies for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and 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