{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:50:08Z","timestamp":1782751808656,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-111510RBI00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111510RBI00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-156388OB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-156388OB-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Spanish Superior Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202470E207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202470E207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Rey Juan Carlos","award":["A671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A671"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Instant Cascara (IC), a beverage obtained from dried coffee cherry pulp, represents a sustainable hydration option rich in bioactive phytochemicals, such as caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and melanoidins, which may provide effects beyond basic nutrition. This study evaluated the impact of three weeks of IC consumption on somatic and visceral sensitivity, and on neural and immune markers in the colon of male and female healthy Wistar rats. Behavioral tests showed that IC increased locomotor activity and somatic sensitivity in females (p &lt; 0.05). Although control females were more sensitive to visceral pain than males (p &lt; 0.05), IC intake did not significantly alter pain sensitivity in either sex. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses in the colonic myenteric plexus revealed higher enteric glial cell density and glia-to-neuron ratio (p &lt; 0.01), but lower calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive fiber density (p &lt; 0.001) in IC-treated compared to control females. Macrophages decreased in IC-treated compared with control males in the colon wall (p &lt; 0.05), whereas their number increased in IC-treated females compared to IC-treated males (p &gt; 0.0001). Visceral pain responses are associated with complex sex-dependent neuroimmune changes in the colon. Interestingly, IC effects appear mild under healthy conditions, possibly due to compensatory mechanisms exerted by its different phytochemicals. Further investigation is needed to determine the effects of IC in pathological situations involving visceral hypersensitivity, such as brain\u2013gut axis disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"10691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Instant Cascara Beverage as a Neuroimmune Modulator of the Brain\u2013Gut Axis: Sex-Dependent Effects in Healthy Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5729-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Gallego-Barcel\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7488-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Tofi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Working Group of Basic Sciences on Neuropathic Pain of the Spanish Pain Society, 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Working Group of Basic Sciences on Cannabinoids of the Spanish Pain Society, 28046 Madrid, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Esteban-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High-Performance Research Group on Environmental Risks for Health and the Environment, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6309-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores del","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Food Bioscience Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Alimentaci\u00f3n (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Calle Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Uranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6726-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Abalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 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