{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T08:10:00Z","timestamp":1762330200789,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Russian Science Foundation","award":["19-74-30026-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-74-30026-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gene duplication, a major source of new genes in evolution, often occurs via reverse transcription of mRNA, leading to the integration of a retrocopy into a new genomic locus. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary history of the e(y)2 gene in Metazoa. The E(y)2 protein is a shared subunit of two highly conserved complexes involved in transcription regulation (the DUB module of the SAGA complex) and mRNA transport (TREX-2). In Deuterostomes, the e(y)2 gene has undergone multiple independent retropositions, often giving rise to functional retrogenes. In contrast, among Protostomes, duplications of e(y)2 were identified only in Drosophilinae and a member of the Lepidoptera family (Manduca sexta). In Drosophila, the retrocopy e(y)2 acquired an almost ubiquitous expression pattern and compensates for the function of the parental gene in all tissues except the testes. The parental gene, e(y)2b, evolved a testis-specific expression pattern, lost the ability to incorporate into the DUB module, but retained nuclear envelope localization and the capacity to assemble into the TREX-2 complex. Knockout of the D. melanogaster e(y)2b gene resulted in reduced male fertility. Overall, our study highlights distinct evolutionary trajectories of the e(y)2 gene in Deuterostomes and Protostomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:18:42Z","timestamp":1762186722000},"page":"10705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peculiarities of the e(y)2 Gene Evolution in Deuterostomes and Drosophilinae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3378-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Vorontsova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2975-3906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Belova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0599-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Khrustaleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genome Research, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Umnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genome Research, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5353-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Arkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Boyko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr-t, 33, Bld. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alena","family":"Nikolaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, Moscow 123182, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Maksimenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genome Research, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0948-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem","family":"Bonchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Cherezov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34\/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia"},{"name":"Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2005.03.009","article-title":"Dynamic Regulation of Pol II Transcription by the Mammalian Mediator Complex","volume":"30","author":"Malik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. 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