{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:13:12Z","timestamp":1792429992900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PMDS240613227379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMDS240613227379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan (CS) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, obtained by the deacetylation of chitin. It has gained significant attention as a versatile material for biomedical applications due to its mucoadhesive properties, ease of chemical modification and intrinsic pharmacological activities. This review synthesizes two decades (2005\u20132025) of literature, focusing on chemical modifications of chitosan for pharmacological purposes and their therapeutic implications in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and wound healing. Evidence highlights the roles of chitosan-based materials in anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective activities, alongside their integration in advanced wound healing strategies. Clinical trials have demonstrated the translational potential of chitosan-based materials. In general, chitosan-based materials exhibit promising dual functions as bioactive agents and drug carriers, necessitating additional investigation in clinical and regulatory frameworks to accelerate therapeutic adoption. In contrast to other studies, this study offers a mechanistic and integrative viewpoint that links chitosan\u2019s chemical modification techniques with their pharmacological effects and clinical translation potential, providing novel perspectives on structure\u2013activity correlations and therapeutic design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"10735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pharmacological and Biological Efficacy of Chitosan-Based Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anathi","family":"Dambuza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State (QwaQwa Campus), Kestell Road, QwaQwa, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8736-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pennie P.","family":"Mokolokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State (QwaQwa Campus), Kestell Road, QwaQwa, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamookho E.","family":"Makhatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 55 Beit St, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2409-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motshabi A.","family":"Sibeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State (QwaQwa Campus), Kestell Road, QwaQwa, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106856","article-title":"Expanding germ-organ theory: Understanding non-communicable diseases through enterobacterial translocation","volume":"194","author":"Boopathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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