{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:17:22Z","timestamp":1762359442029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, or umbilical cord may be used to study the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The phenotype of MSCs may reflect fetal programming in response to the maternal milieu of a GDM pregnancy. Altered fetal programming is linked to high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the offspring of mothers with GDM. This review discusses recent findings characterizing the phenotype of GDM-exposed MSCs (GDM-MSCs) which enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of fetal programming. It also considers how MSCs may be used as markers of long-term offspring health to test the benefit of putative interventions and highlights the need for further translational studies to clearly link the MSC phenotype to clinical parameters and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"10768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gestational Diabetes Exposed Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Phenotypic Differences Link to Long-Term Health of Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Pandrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishel M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Garcia Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5130-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornton, J.M., Shah, N.M., Lillycrop, K.A., Cui, W., Johnson, M.R., and Singh, N. (2023). Multigenerational diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1245899"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.02.019","article-title":"A Review of the Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy","volume":"95","author":"Egan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00827-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology from preconception, during pregnancy, and beyond","volume":"404","author":"Hivert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3049","article-title":"The elusive nature and function of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Ritz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214956","article-title":"Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosed Early in Pregnancy","volume":"388","author":"Simmons","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000290897","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem or Stromal Cells: Toward a Better Understanding of Their Biology?","volume":"37","author":"Lindner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2019.08.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem versus stromal cells: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy (ISCT(R)) Mesenchymal Stromal Cell committee position statement on nomenclature","volume":"21","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., An, Y., Zhu, T., Tang, S., Huang, X., Li, S., Fu, F., Chen, J., and Xuan, K. (2023). Mesenchymal stem cells: Emerging concepts and recent advances in their roles in organismal homeostasis and therapy. Front. Cell. Infect Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1131218"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldt031","article-title":"The angiogenic properties of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells and their therapeutic potential","volume":"108","author":"Watt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00599-4","article-title":"New Frontiers: Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Uncover Developmental Roots and Biological Underpinnings of Obesity Susceptibility","volume":"14","author":"Gyllenhammer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, A., Fong, C.Y., Biswas, A., and Bongso, A. (2015). Comparative Characterization of Cells from the Various Compartments of the Human Umbilical Cord Shows that the Wharton\u2019s Jelly Compartment Provides the Best Source of Clinically Utilizable Mesenchymal Stem Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127992"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0594","article-title":"Concise review: Isolation and characterization of cells from human term placenta: Outcome of the first international Workshop on Placenta Derived Stem Cells","volume":"26","author":"Parolini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.06.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells as a tool to unravel the developmental origins of disease","volume":"33","author":"Todtenhaupt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2019.101537","article-title":"Chorionic and amniotic membrane-derived stem cells have distinct, and gestational diabetes mellitus independent, proliferative, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacities","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0242","article-title":"Gestational diabetes impacts fetal precursor cell responses with potential consequences for offspring","volume":"9","author":"Ejarque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2174\/1875043501104010103","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus During Pregnancy Interferes with the Biological Characteristics of Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"4","author":"Pierdomenico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Tissue Enfineering Regerative Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-019-9872-y","article-title":"Changes in Stemness Properties, Differentiation Potential, Oxidative Stress, Senescence and Mitochondrial Function in Wharton\u2019s Jelly Stem Cells of Umbilical Cords of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3584-0_8","article-title":"Protocols for in vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteogenic, Chondrogenic and Adipogenic Lineages","volume":"1416","author":"Ciuffreda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0349","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells affected by gestational diabetes mellitus display premature aging and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2022.0226","article-title":"AMPK Regulates DNA Methylation of PGC-1alpha and Myogenic Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-014-9483-4","article-title":"The effect of gestational diabetes on proliferation capacity and viability of human umbilical cord-derived stromal cells","volume":"16","author":"Wajid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.09.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from gestationally diabetic human placenta exhibit insulin resistance, decreased clonogenicity and angiogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Mathew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1889","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Alters Functions in Offspring\u2019s Umbilical Cord Cells With Implications for Cardiovascular Health","volume":"158","author":"Amrithraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0232","article-title":"Intrauterine Hyperglycemia Is Associated with an Impaired Postnatal Response to Oxidative Damage","volume":"27","author":"Tozour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01828-y","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling reveals altered biological characteristics of chorionic stem cells from women with gestational diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20230657","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells from gestational diabetes show impaired ability to up-regulate paracellular permeability from sub-endothelial niche","volume":"138","author":"Salem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02678-y","article-title":"The angiogenic properties of human amniotic membrane stem cells are enhanced in gestational diabetes and associate with fetal adiposity","volume":"12","author":"Klid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.4.3804","article-title":"A role for bone morphogenetic protein-4 in adipocyte development","volume":"6","author":"Bowers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156232","article-title":"White fat progenitor cells reside in the adipose vasculature","volume":"322","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0496-9","article-title":"Committed subcutaneous preadipocytes are reduced in human obesity","volume":"50","author":"Tchoukalova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06902","article-title":"Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans","volume":"453","author":"Spalding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0849","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Infants Born to Obese Mothers Exhibit Greater Potential for Adipogenesis: The Healthy Start BabyBUMP Project","volume":"65","author":"Boyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, A.L., Boyle, K.E., Dabelea, D., Patinkin, Z.W., De la Houssaye, B., Ringham, B.M., Glueck, D.H., Barbour, L.A., Norris, J.M., and Friedman, J.E. (2016). Nicotinamide Promotes Adipogenesis in Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Is Associated with Neonatal Adiposity: The Healthy Start BabyBUMP Project. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159575"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23594","article-title":"Fat content in infant mesenchymal stem cells prospectively associates with childhood adiposity and fasting glucose","volume":"31","author":"Gyllenhammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94200","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.94200","article-title":"Maternal obesity and increased neonatal adiposity correspond with altered infant mesenchymal stem cell metabolism","volume":"2","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, P.R., Patinkin, Z.W., Shapiro, A.L.B., de la Houssaye, B.A., Janssen, R.C., Vanderlinden, L.A., Dabelea, D., and Friedman, J.E. (2017). Altered gene expression and metabolism in fetal umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells correspond with differences in 5-month-old infant adiposity gain. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17588-4"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146606","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146606","article-title":"Maternal metabolic health drives mesenchymal stem cell metabolism and infant fat mass at birth","volume":"6","author":"Erickson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180016","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.180016","article-title":"Lipidomics of infant mesenchymal stem cells associate with the maternal milieu and child adiposity","volume":"9","author":"Gyllenhammer","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.8.1083","article-title":"Bone speed of sound in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Regev","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1541-9","article-title":"Bone density among infants of gestational diabetic mothers and macrosomic neonates","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000070","article-title":"Factors affecting newborn bone mineral content: In utero effects on newborn bone mineralization","volume":"59","author":"Namgung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23829","article-title":"Myogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cell insulin sensitivity is associated with infant adiposity at 1 and 6 months of age","volume":"31","author":"Jevtovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0812","article-title":"Infant Mesenchymal Stem Cell Insulin Action Is Associated With Maternal Plasma Free Fatty Acids, Independent of Obesity Status: The Healthy Start Study","volume":"71","author":"Chaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magatti, M., Stefani, F.R., Papait, A., Cargnoni, A., Masserdotti, A., Silini, A.R., and Parolini, O. (2019). Perinatal Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Possible Contribution to Fetal-Maternal Tolerance. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111401"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0244-5","article-title":"The placenta and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Gauster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.057","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"582","author":"Olefsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.90","article-title":"Adapting to obesity with adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E567","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00428.2024","article-title":"Effect of in utero metformin exposure in gestational diabetes mellitus on infant mesenchymal stem cell metabolism","volume":"328","author":"Biagioni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad059","article-title":"Effects of Maternal Exercise Modes on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Offspring Stem Cells","volume":"108","author":"Jevtovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M., Zhang, R., Zou, Q., Chen, Y., Zhou, M., Li, X., Ran, R., and Chen, Q. (2018). Comparison of the Biological Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from the Human Placenta and Umbilical Cord. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23396-1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1104-x","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from amniotic membrane, umbilical cord, and chorionic plate under serum-free condition","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0016","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell characteristics vary depending on their origin","volume":"22","author":"Wegmeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1249-8","article-title":"Human chorionic-plate-derived mesenchymal stem cells and Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: A comparative analysis of their potential as placenta-derived stem cells","volume":"346","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, B., Li, C., Park, M.S., Lerch, A., Jacob, V., Johnson, N., Kuang, J.Q., Dhall, S., and Sathyamoorthy, M. (2021). Comprehensive Comparison of Amnion Stromal Cells and Chorion Stromal Cells by RNA-Seq. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041901"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2413","article-title":"Comparison of molecular profiles of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta and adipose tissue","volume":"37","author":"Heo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-018-2546-z","article-title":"Isolation of human mesenchymal stem cells from amnion, chorion, placental decidua and umbilical cord: Comparison of four enzymatic protocols","volume":"40","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0198","article-title":"Altered Bioenergetic Profile in Umbilical Cord and Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Newborns of Obese Women","volume":"27","author":"Iaffaldano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:14:45Z","timestamp":1762359285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262110768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262110768","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}