{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:42:02Z","timestamp":1789004522580,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the pivotal role of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is well established, their precise functions in disease mechanisms remain incompletely understood. For decades, MS-related B cell research has focused on identifying B cell antigens that could induce pathogenic antibodies contributing to the initiation and maintenance of CNS lesion formation and inflammation. In this review, we conducted a systematic literature search to compile and critically assess proposed antigens with respect to their specificity for MS and the plausibility of findings across different publications. We identified 26 antigens in total. Among these, 15 antigens did not demonstrate high specificity for MS, 9 antigens yielded controversial or contradictory results, and 2 antigens may still be regarded as provisional at the time of our analysis. Based on these findings, a primarily antibody-mediated mechanism driving initial lesion formation is not supported by current evidence, although it cannot be excluded entirely. Instead, a secondary immune response to CNS tissue damage\u2014characterized by local antibody production and alternative B cell functions such as antigen presentation, cytokine secretion and cell-to-cell communication\u2014appears more plausible. Taken together, our review highlights the necessity of expanding B cell\u2013oriented MS research beyond antibody production to include a broader spectrum of B cell functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"10771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Elusive B Cell Antigen in Multiple Sclerosis: Time to Rethink CNS B Cell Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Mailaender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Vasilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Tieck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Schembecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus C.","family":"Kowarik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318249f6f0","article-title":"The evidence for a role of B cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Disanto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, G., and Axtell, R.C. (2023). Dual Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032336"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25927","article-title":"Expert Panel of the 27th Annual Meeting of the European Charcot Foundation Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders","volume":"89","author":"Comi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruschil, C., Kemmerer, C.L., Beller, L., Gabernet, G., and Kowarik, M.C. (2021). Next Generation Sequencing of Cerebrospinal Fluid B Cell Repertoires in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101871"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0135-x","article-title":"Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blauth, K., Owens, G.P., and Bennett, J.L. (2015). The Ins and Outs of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00565"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","article-title":"Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology","volume":"130","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1714","article-title":"Matching of oligoclonal immunoglobulin transcriptomes and proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Obermeier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.01.010","article-title":"Related B cell clones that populate the CSF and CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis produce CSF immunoglobulin","volume":"233","author":"Obermeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel, L., Touil, H., Pikor, N.B., Gommerman, J.L., Prat, A., and Bar-Or, A. (2015). B Cells in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System: Trafficking and Contribution to CNS-Compartmentalized Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00636"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws189","article-title":"Meningeal inflammation plays a role in the pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"135","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001587","article-title":"Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Absinta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-Cell Depletion with Rituximab in Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Montalban","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917246","article-title":"Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"383","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201904","article-title":"Ublituximab versus Teriflunomide in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"387","author":"Steinman","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.046","article-title":"B-cell biology and development","volume":"131","author":"Pieper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3857","article-title":"Antibody-independent functions of B cells: A focus on cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2729","article-title":"Effector and regulatory B cells: Modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity","volume":"10","author":"Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avalos, A.M., and Ploegh, H.L. (2014). Early BCR Events and Antigen Capture, Processing, and Loading on MHC Class II on B Cells. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00092"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27101","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.649582","article-title":"Antigen-B Cell Receptor Complexes Associate with Intracellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II Molecules","volume":"290","author":"Barroso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, L.N., Jiang, W., Bhamidipati, K., Millican, M., Macaubas, C., Hung, S., and Mellins, E.D. (2017). The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00319"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welsh, R.A., Song, N., and Sadegh-Nasseri, S. (2021). How Does B Cell Antigen Presentation Affect Memory CD4 T Cell Differentiation and Longevity?. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.677036"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: Distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286418762083","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418762083","article-title":"Defining distinct features of anti-MOG antibody associated central nervous system demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001454","article-title":"NMOSD and MOGAD","volume":"30","author":"Sechi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.189046","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlad, B., Reichen, I., Neidhart, S., Hilty, M., Lekaditi, D., Heuer, C., Eisele, A., Ziegler, M., Reindl, M., and Lutterotti, A. (2023). Basic CSF parameters and MRZ reaction help in differentiating MOG antibody-associated autoimmune disease versus multiple sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1237149"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"20552173241301011","article-title":"CNS B cell infiltration in tumefactive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"10","author":"Ikeguchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J.\u2014Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-315603","article-title":"Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Efficacy and predictors of response","volume":"88","author":"Stellmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traub, J., H\u00e4usser-Kinzel, S., and Weber, M. (2020). Differential Effects of MS Therapeutics on B Cells\u2014Implications for Their Use and Failure in AQP4-Positive NMOSD Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145021"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitter, J.G., Nagy, L., Nagy, B., and Hren, R. (2024). Development Perspectives for Curative Technologies in Primary Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) at the Forefront. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060599"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beseler, C., Vollmer, T., Graner, M., and Yu, X. (2017). The complex relationship between oligoclonal bands, lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid, and immunoglobulin G antibodies in multiple sclerosis: Indication of serum contribution. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186842"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Graner, M., Kennedy, P.G.E., and Liu, Y. (2020). The Role of Antibodies in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.533388"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520912379","article-title":"Neurofilament levels are associated with blood\u2013brain barrier integrity, lymphocyte extravasation, and risk factors following the first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Uher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03069-9","article-title":"Inflammation-induced TRPV4 channels exacerbate blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(87)90030-0","article-title":"Anti-endothelial cell antibodies and circulating immune complexes in the sera of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132813Y.0000000229","article-title":"Antibodies target microvessels in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"35","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516655217","article-title":"Identification of galectin-3 as a possible antibody target for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Nishihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00975-7","article-title":"Differential Effects of Fingolimod and Natalizumab on B Cell Repertoires in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"18","author":"Kowarik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu205","article-title":"Intrathecal somatic hypermutation of IgM in multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammation","volume":"137","author":"Obermeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248ra106","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008930","article-title":"Immunoglobulin class-switched B cells form an active immune axis between CNS and periphery in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Palanichamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63842","article-title":"B cell exchange across the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241296848","article-title":"Considerations on the stability of IgG antibody in clinical specimens","volume":"37","author":"Yen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514522104","article-title":"To look for a needle in a haystack: The search for autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Schirmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-931-0_2","article-title":"Recombinant Antibodies and In Vitro Selection Technologies","volume":"Volume 901","author":"Proetzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antibody Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4547","article-title":"Evolution in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody detection and its clinical significance: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518553113","article-title":"Anoctamin 2 identified as an autoimmune target in multiple sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Ayoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad109","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad109","article-title":"Antibodies against the flotillin-1\/2 complex in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Vidal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901496106","article-title":"Contactin-2\/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals","volume":"106","author":"Derfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Pilla, B., and Jordan, Z. (2024). Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220316","article-title":"Search for antibodies to galactocerebroside in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in human demyelinating disorders","volume":"22","author":"Rostami","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90009-X","article-title":"Antibodies to Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1991.tb02493.x","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Cells Secreting Antibodies Against Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein are Present in Cerebrospinal Fluid","volume":"33","author":"Baig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(89)90091-6","article-title":"B cells and antibodies in MS","volume":"140","author":"Link","year":"1989","journal-title":"Res. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"s00431777728","article-title":"Anti-MAG neuropathy: Historical aspects, clinical-pathological correlations, and considerations for future therapeutical trials","volume":"82","author":"Latov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90017-H","article-title":"Persistent anti-myelin basic protein IgG antibody response in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"28","author":"Link","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.02.013","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides are cross recognized by anti-myelin basic protein antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"270","author":"Mameli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270207","article-title":"Antimyelin basic protein and antimyelin antibody-producing cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Olsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21641","article-title":"Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"65","author":"Owens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93027-M","article-title":"Antibodies to cerebellar soluble lectin CSL in multiple sclerosis","volume":"335","author":"Zanetta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90111-2","article-title":"Presence of anti-CSL antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients: A sensitive and specific test in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Zanetta","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90057-R","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid anti-cerebellar soluble lectin antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"36","author":"Hagberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(91)90014-X","article-title":"Antibodies to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607242103","article-title":"Identification of a pathogenic antibody response to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510672103","article-title":"Antibodies to native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein are serologic markers of early inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Lalive","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh056","article-title":"Anti-MOG autoantibodies in Italian multiple sclerosis patients: Specificity, sensitivity and clinical association","volume":"16","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830210620","article-title":"Autoreactive T and B cells responding to myelin proteolipid protein in multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162731","article-title":"Pathogenic myelin-specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis target conformational proteolipid protein 1\u2013anchored membrane domains","volume":"133","author":"Owens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1370","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of autoreactive moteolioid protein-peptide specific T-cell clones from multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"45","author":"Correale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1983","article-title":"Dual implication of 2\u2019,3\u2019-cyclic nucleotide 3\u2019 phosphodiesterase as major autoantigen and C3 complement-binding protein in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"101","author":"Walsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M700277-MCP200","article-title":"Transketolase and 2\u2032,3\u2032-Cyclic-nucleotide 3\u2032-Phosphodiesterase Type I Isoforms Are Specifically Recognized by IgG Autoantibodies in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"7","author":"Lovato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.154","article-title":"A humoral response to oligodendrocyte-specific protein in MS: A potential molecular mimic","volume":"53","author":"Bronstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.02.008","article-title":"The antibody response to oligodendrocyte specific protein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"221","author":"Aslam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00168-X","article-title":"The central nervous sytem-specific myelin oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) is encephalitogenic and a potential target antigen in multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"102","author":"Kaye","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513485653","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies to myelin peptides distinguish acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Tomooka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00131-0","article-title":"Antibodies to sulfatide in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"139","author":"Ilyas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.08.002","article-title":"Lipid arrays identify myelin-derived lipids and lipid complexes as prominent targets for oligoclonal band antibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"238","author":"Brennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM","volume":"603","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2424986122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424986122","article-title":"Antibody reactivity against EBNA1 and GlialCAM differentiates multiple sclerosis patients from healthy controls","volume":"122","author":"Sattarnezhad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184481","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI184481","article-title":"Accumulation of Epstein-Barr virus\u2013induced cross-reactive immune responses is associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Vietzen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilenko, N., Tieck, M.P., Michel, T., Schembecker, S., Schwarz, P., Guenther, A., Ruschil, C., Poli, S., Ziemann, U., and Giede-Jeppe, A. (2024). In-depth analysis of serum antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus lifecycle proteins, and EBNA1, ANO2, GlialCAM and CRYAB peptides in patients with multiple sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1487523"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02938-3","article-title":"An autoantibody signature predictive for multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Zamecnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071053","article-title":"Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury","volume":"204","author":"Mathey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.4103\/neurol-india.Neurol-India-D-25-00046","article-title":"Neurofascin 155, 186 and 140 Antibodies in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Prospective Exploratory Study","volume":"73","author":"Mathew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002418","article-title":"Neurofascin-155 IgG4 in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"86","author":"Devaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.6.3957","article-title":"Autoantibody Profiling in Multiple Sclerosis Reveals Novel Antigenic Candidates","volume":"180","author":"Somers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401166","article-title":"Sperm-Associated Antigen 16 Is a Novel Target of the Humoral Autoimmune Response in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"193","author":"Somers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.12.023","article-title":"Analysis of antibodies to surface epitopes of contactin-2 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"244","author":"Boronat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0900-z","article-title":"Identification of the flotillin-1\/2 heterocomplex as a target of autoantibodies in bona fide multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Hahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e676","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000676","article-title":"Xenogeneic Neu5Gc and self-glycan Neu5Ac epitopes are potential immune targets in MS","volume":"7","author":"Boligan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padler-Karavani, V., Tremoulet, A.H., Yu, H., Chen, X., Burns, J.C., and Varki, A. (2013). A Simple Method for Assessment of Human Anti-Neu5Gc Antibodies Applied to Kawasaki Disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058443"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.941","article-title":"Humoral response to hsp 65 in multiple sclerosis and other neurologic conditions","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18889","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806310105","article-title":"Antigen microarrays identify unique serum autoantibody signatures in clinical and pathologic subtypes of multiple sclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Quintana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318247f9f3","article-title":"Antigen microarrays identify CNS-produced autoantibodies in RRMS","volume":"78","author":"Quintana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/375798a0","article-title":"The small heat-shock protein \u03b1B-crystallin as candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bajramovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg3032","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg3032","article-title":"Cross-reactive EBNA1 immunity targets alpha-crystallin B and is associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1191\/135248506ms1271oa","article-title":"Autoantibodies against alpha B-crystallin, a candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis, are part of a normal human immune repertoire","volume":"12","author":"Verbeek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(96)00013-6","article-title":"The immune response to Mycobacterial 70-kDa heat shock proteins frequently involves autoreactive T cells and is quantitatively disregulated in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Salvetti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.4.1475","article-title":"Autoantibodies to the constitutive 73-kD member of the hsp70 family of heat shock proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"168","author":"Minota","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110740","article-title":"Potassium Channel KIR4.1 as an Immune Target in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70141-3","article-title":"Investigation of the KIR4.1 potassium channel as a putative antigen in patients with multiple sclerosis: A comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Brickshawana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1513302","article-title":"Evaluation of KIR4.1 as an Immune Target in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"374","author":"Chastre","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.5.1649","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte-specific expression and autoantigenicity of transaldolase in multiple sclerosis","volume":"180","author":"Banki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119281","article-title":"Comparative analysis of antibody and cell-mediated autoimmunity to transaldolase and myelin basic protein in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"99","author":"Colombo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804174","article-title":"Cleavage of Transaldolase by Granzyme B Causes the Loss of Enzymatic Activity with Retention of Antigenicity for Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"184","author":"Niland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430107","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of an oligodendrocyte precursor\u2013derived B-cell epitope in multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Archelos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a43b48","article-title":"Protein array\u2013based profiling of CSF identifies RBPJ as an autoantigen in multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Querol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-2527","article-title":"Serum Autoantibody Signature of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Progression to Invasive Breast Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Lacombe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12335","article-title":"Identification of coronin-1a as a novel antibody target for clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis","volume":"126","author":"Rouwette","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kister, A., and Kister, I. (2023). Overview of myelin, major myelin lipids, and myelin-associated proteins. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1041961"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krugmann, B., Radulescu, A., Appavou, M.-S., Koutsioubas, A., Stingaciu, L.R., Dulle, M., F\u00f6rster, S., and Stadler, A.M. (2020). Membrane stiffness and myelin basic protein binding strength as molecular origin of multiple sclerosis. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73671-3"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6094-7","article-title":"Myelin basic protein: A multifunctional protein","volume":"63","author":"Boggs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.6.2690","article-title":"Recovery of myelin basic protein reactive T cells from spinal cords of Lewis rats with autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"132","author":"Burns","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.11.1770","article-title":"Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals","volume":"40","author":"Pette","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220405","article-title":"Myelin-associated glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis lesions: A quantitative and qualitative analysis","volume":"22","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.12.4016","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody against a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induces relapses and demyelination in central nervous system autoimmune disease","volume":"139","author":"Schluesener","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118368","article-title":"Antibody facilitation of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in a nonhuman primate","volume":"96","author":"Genain","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.600","article-title":"A Structurally Available Encephalitogenic Epitope of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Specifically Induces a Diversified Pathogenic Autoimmune Response","volume":"173","author":"Bischof","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.1103","article-title":"Myelin-Associated Oligodendrocytic Basic Protein: Identification of an Encephalitogenic Epitope and Association with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"164","author":"Holz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.1426","article-title":"The Myelin-Associated Oligodendrocytic Basic Protein Region MOBP15\u201336 Encompasses the Immunodominant Major Encephalitogenic Epitope(s) for SJL\/J Mice and Predicted Epitope(s) for Multiple Sclerosis-Associated HLA-DRB1*1501","volume":"173","author":"Kaye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.101.3.1135","article-title":"Galactocerebroside is expressed by non-myelin-forming Schwann cells in situ","volume":"101","author":"Jessen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1126\/science.451555","article-title":"Experimental Allergic Neuritis Induced by Sensitization with Galactocerebroside","volume":"204","author":"Saida","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-008-8022-3","article-title":"The Role and Metabolism of Sulfatide in the Nervous System","volume":"37","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000318863.65635.9a","article-title":"Cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Stadelmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0831-8","article-title":"Relationship of acute axonal damage, Wallerian degeneration, and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.592","article-title":"Insights From LGI1 and CASPR2 Potassium Channel Complex Autoantibody Subtyping","volume":"70","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305218","article-title":"Clinical relevance of positive voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex antibodies: Experience from a tertiary referral centre","volume":"85","author":"Paterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedstr\u00f6m, A.K., Huang, J., Michel, A., Butt, J., Brenner, N., Hillert, J., Waterboer, T., Kockum, I., Olsson, T., and Alfredsson, L. (2020). High Levels of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen-1-Specific Antibodies and Infectious Mononucleosis Act Both Independently and Synergistically to Increase Multiple Sclerosis Risk. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01368"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1086\/323480","article-title":"Evidence of Linkage with HLA-DR in DRB1*15-Negative Families with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Ligers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"(2025, July 22). UniProt_Coronin1a. UniProt n.d. Available online: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P31146\/entry."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516684022","article-title":"Transglutaminase-6 is an autoantigen in progressive multiple sclerosis and is upregulated in reactive astrocytes","volume":"23","author":"Cristofanilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440621","article-title":"Increased circulating antiganglioside antibodies in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Sadatipour","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Lin, Y., Fu, Y., Yan, Y., Zhu, W., Wang, N., Zhang, Z., and Xu, G. (2021). Anti-ganglioside Antibodies in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Novel Immunoblotting-Panel Assay. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.760889"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo, E., C\u00e1rcamo, C., Uribe-San Mart\u00edn, R., Ciampi, E., Segovia-Miranda, F., Curkovic-Pe\u00f1a, C., Montecino, F., Holmes, C., Tichauer, J.E., and Acu\u00f1a, E. (2017). Galectin-8 as an immunosuppressor in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and a target of human early prognostic antibodies in multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177472"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104565","article-title":"Ceramide is implicated in humoral peripheral and intrathecal autoimmune response in MS patients","volume":"71","author":"Podbielska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104940","article-title":"Chloride intracellular channel protein-1 (CLIC1) antibody in multiple sclerosis patients with predominant optic nerve and spinal cord involvement","volume":"78","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann-Horn, K., Kinzel, S., and Weber, M. (2017). Deciphering the Role of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis\u2014Towards Specific Targeting of Pathogenic Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102048"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609246113","article-title":"Antibodies in multiple sclerosis oligoclonal bands target debris","volume":"113","author":"Winger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522730113","article-title":"Distinct oligoclonal band antibodies in multiple sclerosis recognize ubiquitous self-proteins","volume":"113","author":"Obermeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae060","article-title":"Unmasking bias in artificial intelligence: A systematic review of bias detection and mitigation strategies in electronic health record-based models","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fairness in Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Bias Detection: A Systematic Literature","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Sci. J. Eng. Manag."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:15:15Z","timestamp":1762359315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262110771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262110771","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}