{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:51:29Z","timestamp":1790131889541,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Daugavpils University","award":["14-95\/2024\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-95\/2024\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are used for drug transport and plant protection due to their insoluble nature and unique properties. To produce health-friendly NPs, toxic solvents should be replaced with plant-based synthesis. Plants, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), release biomolecules that reduce metal ions and form nanoclusters without free radicals, showing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, callus cultures of two M. sativa genotypes, \u2018Kometa\u2019 and \u2018La Bella Campagnola\u2019, were exposed to two precursors (AgNO3 and HAuCl4) for 24 and 48 h to assess the feasibility of biological NP synthesis. Spectrophotometry showed significant (p \u2264 0.05) changes in light absorbance compared with the control. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements indicated a change in the composition of the liquid compared with the control. To improve image quality and obtain more accurate data, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was repeated, confirming the presence of quasi-spherical nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 5\u201325 nm for both AuNPs and AgNPs in the callus culture extracts of both genotypes. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis demonstrated that the AgNPs and AuNPs from both genotypes displayed polydisperse size distributions, with a mean particle size ranging from 220 to 243 nm. Elemental analysis provided clear evidence that Ag and Au were present only in treated samples, confirming effective NP biosynthesis and excluding contamination. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to characterise the crystalline structure; however, due to the very small particle size (5\u201325 nm), no clear diffraction patterns could be obtained, as nanocrystals below ~20\u201330 nm typically produce signals below the detection limit of standard XRD instrumentation. The novelty of this research is the cost-effective, rapid biosynthesis of quasi-spherical AuNPs and AgNPs with diverse sizes and enhanced properties, making them more eco-friendly, less toxic, and suitable for antibacterial and anticancer studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"10772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Medicago sativa L. Callus Cell Extract for the Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inese","family":"Kokina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Plaksenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8945-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauris","family":"Jankovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3998-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Jerma\u013conoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Krzemi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Science\u2014SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego Str. 8, 02-777 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1169-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Mo\u0161enoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Ostrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Science\u2014SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego Str. 8, 02-777 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Galek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eriks","family":"Sledevskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, G. Liberts\u2019 Innovative Microscopy Centre, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Krasovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, G. Liberts\u2019 Innovative Microscopy Centre, Daugavpils University, Par\u0101des Str. 1A, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligita","family":"Me\u017earaupe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Nasi\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, gen. S. 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