{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:24:09Z","timestamp":1784751849412,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z69118512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z69118512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Czech Ministry of Health","award":["MH CZ-DRO VFN 64165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH CZ-DRO VFN 64165"]}]},{"name":"the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phototherapy is the standard treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. During phototherapy, the highly lipophilic bilirubin is converted into more hydrophilic photoisomers, which can be more easily excreted from the body. This process typically lowers bilirubin levels to non-harmful concentrations. However, despite decades of research into the formation and role of bilirubin photoisomers, methodological limitations and the compound\u2019s complex biochemistry have hindered comprehensive understanding. This review provides an updated overview of current knowledge on bilirubin photoisomers, including their basic chemistry, analytical quantification, clinical relevance, and future research directions. Improved insight into the mechanism of photoisomer formation and kinetics may inform optimization of phototherapy parameters, including light intensity and wavelength, and offer additional indicators of treatment efficacy beyond total bilirubin concentration. Advances in sensitive and standardized mass spectrometry techniques now enable more accurate measurement of different bilirubin isomers and serve as a first step towards a deeper insight into the clinical relevance of photoisomers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1762451503000},"page":"10791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bilirubin Photoisomers in Neonatal Jaundice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0178-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Lindqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian V.","family":"Hulzebos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5318-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libor","family":"Vitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andries","family":"Blokzijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda van","family":"Berkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University medical center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)91849-X","article-title":"Influence of light on the hyperbilirubinaemia of infants","volume":"271","author":"Cremer","year":"1958","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"347","article-title":"Phototherapy. A new therapeutic method in hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.41.6.1047","article-title":"Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity by phototherapy","volume":"41","author":"Lucey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"455","article-title":"Phototherapy for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia\u20146-Year Follow-up of the National-Institute-of-Child-Health-and-Human-Development Clinical-Trial","volume":"85","author":"Scheidt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.4.558","article-title":"Practice Parameter\u2014Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Healthy Term Newborn","volume":"94","author":"Bergman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803024","article-title":"Aggressive vs. conservative phototherapy for infants with extremely low birth weight","volume":"359","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasprov\u00e1, J., Dal Ben, M., Hurny, D., Hwang, S., Z\u00edzalov\u00e1, K., Kotek, J., Wong, R.J., Stevenson, D.K., Gazzin, S., and Tiribelli, C. (2018). Neuro-inflammatory effects of photodegradative products of bilirubin. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25684-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c11778","article-title":"A Platform for the Synthesis of Oxidation Products of Bilirubin","volume":"146","author":"Mujawar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113006","article-title":"Rapid Clearance of a Structural Isomer of Bilirubin during Phototherapy","volume":"79","author":"Ennever","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-013-1076-6","article-title":"Bilirubin photo-isomers: Regiospecific acyl glucuronidation in vivo","volume":"145","author":"McDonagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Monatshefte Fur. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0310-2","article-title":"The effect of light wavelength on in vitro bilirubin photodegradation and photoisomer production","volume":"85","author":"Vreman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, Y., Takahashi, Y., Kurata, C., Morimoto, Y., Ohtani, E., Tosaki, A., Kumagai, A., Greimel, P., Nishikubo, T., and Miyawaki, A. (2023). Urinary lumirubin excretion in jaundiced preterm neonates during phototherapy with blue light-emitting diode vs. green fluorescent lamp. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45147-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135003","article-title":"Penetration of Bilirubin into the Brain in Albumin-Deficient and Jaundiced Rats (Ajr) and Nagase Analbuminemic Rats (Nar)","volume":"96","author":"Takahashi","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006900111744","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and bilirubin encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Wennberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38489-2","article-title":"On the Structure of Albumin-Bound Bilirubin\u2014Selective Binding of Intramolecularly Hydrogen-Bonded Conformational Enantiomers","volume":"261","author":"Lightner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199668122193","article-title":"Basic terminology of stereochemistry","volume":"68","author":"Moss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1290797","article-title":"Ready Isomerization of Bilirubin-IX-Alpha in Aqueous-Solution","volume":"129","author":"McDonagh","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0594","article-title":"Ex uno plures: The concealed complexity of bilirubin species in neonatal blood samples","volume":"118","author":"McDonagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01363.x","article-title":"The Influence of Gestational-Age on Bilirubin Conjugation in Newborns","volume":"21","author":"Ullrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198502000-00012","article-title":"Phototherapy for Neonatal Jaundice\u2014Invivo Clearance of Bilirubin Photoproducts","volume":"19","author":"Ennever","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2260251","article-title":"Kinetic study of the photochemical changes of (ZZ)-bilirubin IX alpha bound to human serum albumin. Demonstration of (EZ)-bilirubin IX alpha as an intermediate in photochemical changes from (ZZ)-bilirubin IX alpha to (EZ)-cyclobilirubin IX alpha","volume":"226","author":"Itoh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1900527","article-title":"High-Pressure Liquid-Chromatographic Analysis of Anaerobic Photoproducts of Bilirubin-Ix-Alpha Invitro and Its Comparison with Photoproducts Invivo","volume":"190","author":"Onishi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024068026","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-068026","article-title":"Phototherapy to prevent severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation: Technical report","volume":"154","author":"Bhutani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396313666170718150056","article-title":"Update on phototherapy in jaundiced neonates","volume":"13","author":"Ebbesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03493-w","article-title":"Bilirubin isomers during LED phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemic neonates, blue-green (\u223c478 nm) vs blue","volume":"97","author":"Ebbesen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-023-05720-3","article-title":"Intramolecular hydrogen bonds interactions in the isomers of the bilirubin molecule: DFT and QTAIM analysis","volume":"29","author":"Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1071\/PH960673","article-title":"Photophysics of the variable quantum yield of asymmetric bilirubin","volume":"49","author":"Troup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.115","article-title":"Bilirubin isomer distribution in jaundiced neonates during phototherapy with LED light centered at 497 nm (turquoise) vs. 459 nm (blue)","volume":"80","author":"Ebbesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamola, A.A. (1985). Effects of environment on photophysical processes of bilirubin. Optical Properties and Structure of Tetrapyrroles, De Gruyter Brill.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112321997-019"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1982.tb02624.x","article-title":"Quantum Yield and Equilibrium Position of the Configurational Photo-Isomerization of Bilirubin Bound to Human-Serum Albumin","volume":"35","author":"Lamola","year":"1982","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01544.x","article-title":"PhotochemCAD 2: A Refined Program with Accompanying Spectral Databases for Photochemical Calculations","volume":"81","author":"Dixon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"141","article-title":"PhotochemCAD: A computer-aided design and research tool in photochemistry","volume":"68","author":"Du","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197609000-00004","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Characteristics of Bilirubin","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29953","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104628200","article-title":"Affinity of human serum albumin for bilirubin varies with albumin concentration and buffer composition: Results of a novel ultrafiltration method","volume":"276","author":"Weisiger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.06.016","article-title":"Crystallographic analysis of human serum albumin complexed with 4Z,15E-bilirubin-IXalpha","volume":"381","author":"Zunszain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nii, K., Okada, H., Itoh, S., and Kusaka, T. (2021). Characteristics of bilirubin photochemical changes under green light-emitting diodes in humans compared with animal species. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85632-5"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.08.011","article-title":"Beyond plasma bilirubin: The effects of phototherapy and albumin on brain bilirubin levels in Gunn rats","volume":"58","author":"Cuperus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1126\/science.451621","article-title":"Albumin-deficient rat mutant","volume":"205","author":"Nagase","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vodret, S., Bortolussi, G., Schreuder, A.B., Jasprova, J., Vitek, L., Verkade, H.J., and Muro, A.F. (2015). Albumin administration prevents neurological damage and death in a mouse model of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16203"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmq083","article-title":"Pre-exchange 5% albumin infusion in low birth weight neonates with intensive phototherapy failure--a randomized controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Mitra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-010-0046-x","article-title":"Effect of albumin administration prior to exchange transfusion in term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia--a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Shahian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0713-z","article-title":"Pre exchange Albumin Administration in Neonates with Hyperbilirubinemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"52","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magai, D.N., Mwaniki, M., Abubakar, A., Mohammed, S., Gordon, A.L., Kalu, R., Mwangi, P., Koot, H.M., and Newton, C.R. (2019). A randomized control trial of phototherapy and 20% albumin versus phototherapy and saline in Kilifi, Kenya. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4632-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.6.1256","article-title":"Changes in globus pallidus with (Pre) term kernicterus","volume":"112","author":"Govaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022058859","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058859","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation","volume":"150","author":"Kemper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0439-1","article-title":"Sixty years of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice\u2013from serendipitous observation to standardized treatment and rescue for millions","volume":"40","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.01.011","article-title":"Biology of bilirubin photoisomers","volume":"43","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.02.008","article-title":"Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice\u2014Therapeutic effects on more than one level?","volume":"Volume 34","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capkov\u00e1, N., Posp\u00edsilov\u00e1, V., Fedorov\u00e1, V., Raska, J., Posp\u00edsilov\u00e1, K., Dal Ben, M., Dvor\u00e1k, A., Viktorov\u00e1, J., Bohaciakov\u00e1, D., and V\u00edtek, L. (2021). The Effects of Bilirubin and Lumirubin on the Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101532"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.6.769","article-title":"Delta-Bilirubin\u2014Absorption-Spectra, Molar Absorptivity, and Reactivity in the Diazo Reaction","volume":"33","author":"Doumas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/00045632211026699","article-title":"A survey of the reactivity of in vitro diagnostic bilirubin reagents developed in Japan using artificially prepared bilirubin materials: A comparison of synthetic delta, unconjugated, and taurine-conjugated bilirubin","volume":"58","author":"Kiuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563221999068","article-title":"Effects of bilirubin configurational photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the vanadate oxidation method","volume":"58","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563217709844","article-title":"Reactivity of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin using vanadic acid method","volume":"55","author":"Okada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/000456320003700404","article-title":"Effects of bilirubin and its photoisomers on direct bilirubin measurement using bilirubin oxidase","volume":"37","author":"Itoh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawaguchi, N., Koyano, K., Morita, H., Fadly, D., Shinabe, Y., Noguchi, Y., Arioka, M., Nakao, Y., Ozaki, M., and Nakamura, S. Quantitative effects of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the enzymatic bilirubin oxidase method. Ann. Clin. Biochem., 2025, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/00045632251367245"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563217716474","article-title":"Effects of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the bilirubin oxidase method","volume":"55","author":"Okada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00469-0","article-title":"Accurate and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for geometrical and structural photoisomers of bilirubin IX\u03b1 using the relative molar absorptivity values","volume":"848","author":"Itoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasprov\u00e1, J., Dvor\u00e1k, A., Vecka, M., Len\u00edcek, M., Lacina, O., Val\u00e1skova, P., Zapadlo, M., Plavka, R., Kl\u00e1n, P., and V\u00edtek, L. (2020). A novel accurate LC-MS\/MS method for quantitative determination of Z-lumirubin. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61280-z"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1843","article-title":"The Separation of Bilirubin, Photobilirubin and Their Major Isomers by Ion-Pair High-Pressure Liquid-Chromatography","volume":"17","author":"McCarthy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal. Lett. Part. B-Clin. Biochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6865","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00388a103","article-title":"Phototherapy for Neonatal Jaundice\u2014Configurational Isomers of Bilirubin","volume":"104","author":"McDonagh","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-006-9002-y","article-title":"Calorimetric and binding dissections of HSA upon interaction with bilirubin","volume":"25","author":"Safarian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Protein J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-1759","article-title":"Mechanism of bilirubin elimination in urine: Insights and prospects for neonatal jaundice","volume":"59","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, Y., Takahashi, Y., Morimoto, Y., Greimel, P., Tosaki, A., Kumagai, A., Nishikubo, T., and Miyawaki, A. (2022). Noninvasive monitoring of bilirubin photoisomer excretion during phototherapy. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16180-9"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:52:03Z","timestamp":1762451523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/21\/10791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262110791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262110791","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]}}}