{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:43:02Z","timestamp":1793119382456,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAR-Unife 2023"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural sulfur compounds found in various mineral spring waters have attracted considerable interest due to their possible health benefits and healing qualities. Key substances such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfate (SO42\u2212), and thiosulfate (S2O32\u2212) are essential to numerous physiological functions. This overview delves into the biochemical pathways through which these sulfur compounds exert their influence, emphasizing their roles as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and detoxifying agents. Furthermore, it investigates the therapeutic promise of mineral waters rich in sulfur for various diseases like arthritis, skin ailments, and heart diseases. Emerging studies indicate that regular use or topical application of these waters could enhance health outcomes and aid in the prevention of a multitude of diseases. Nonetheless, additional research is required to clarify sulfur water\u2019s mechanisms of action and to develop standardized protocols for their therapeutic applications. This descriptive review highlights the significance of integrating natural sulfur compounds into comprehensive health strategies and advocates for ongoing investigation into their advantages in medical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1762451503000},"page":"10807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Natural Sulfur Compounds in Mineral Waters: Implications for Human Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Vaccarezza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Medical Research Institute (Curtin-MRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 43121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute University\u2014San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Foundation for Scientific Research in Balneology (FoRST), 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Falletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute University\u2014San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsola","family":"di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2021","article-title":"Physiological roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs","volume":"103","author":"Cirino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. 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