{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:25:40Z","timestamp":1772148340638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation-56, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["LIM-56 HC-FMUSP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIM-56 HC-FMUSP"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CNPq"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["304459\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304459\/2024-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["402406\/2024-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402406\/2024-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPESP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/08225-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/08225-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with a spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from lifelong asymptomatic carriage to severe conditions such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL). Although antibody responses are known to shape immune regulation, the functional relevance of IgG idiotype repertoires in HTLV-1 pathogenesis remains poorly understood. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of IgG from individuals with distinct HTLV-1 clinical outcomes. IgG was purified from pooled serum samples of asymptomatic carriers (ACs), HAM\/TSP, and ATLL patients and used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors. Cytokine production in CD4+, CD8+, and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Additionally, proteome-wide IgG reactivity was evaluated using a human protein microarray encompassing over 21,000 proteins, and bioinformatic analyses were conducted to identify protein\u2013protein interaction networks and tissue-specific autoreactivity. HAM\/TSP-derived IgG selectively enhanced IFN-\u03b3 production in all T-cell subsets and suppressed IL-4 in CD4+ T cells. ATLL-derived IgG induced IL-9 and IL-13 production in CD4+ T cells, and both HAM\/TSP and ATLL IgG elevated IL-13 levels in CD8+ T cells. Microarray data revealed distinct autoreactive IgG profiles across clinical groups, targeting immune-related proteins, apoptotic regulators, and proteins expressed in T cells, monocytes, and non-immune tissues such as brain and testis. Notably, no functional or structural clustering was observed in protein\u2013protein interaction networks, suggesting these reactivities reflect complex, idiotype-specific immune alterations rather than compensatory responses. The present findings suggest that HTLV-1 infection may be associated with the development of distinct IgG repertoires that potentially modulate cytokine responses and exhibit broad reactivity toward human proteins. Such patterns could contribute to immune dysregulation and may partially explain the divergent clinical trajectories observed in HAM\/TSP and ATLL. Further investigations are warranted to validate these observations at the individual level and to clarify their mechanistic relevance in disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262210858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:57:55Z","timestamp":1762765075000},"page":"10858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IgG Idiotype Diversity Shapes Cytokine Profiles and Autoantibody Targets in HTLV-1 Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Isabela Siuffi","family":"Bergamasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo 04743-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolle Rakanidis","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lais Alves","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Oliveira","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"da Ressurei\u00e7\u00e3o Sgnotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo 04743-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Casseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8876-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabri Saeed","family":"Sanabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-03, Clinics Hospital, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8365-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Henrique","family":"Da Silva Nali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo 04743-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1959-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Miyashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6092-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson Russo","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo 04743-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1220","article-title":"T-lymphocyte alveolitis in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"2","author":"Sugimoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1110","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 6 gene expression in AIDS-associated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"339","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"441","article-title":"Chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with HTLV-I","volume":"1","author":"Nishioka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Batista, E.S., Oliveira, P.D., Primo, J., Varandas, C.M.N., Nunes, A.P., Bittencourt, A.L., and Farre, L. (2019). HTLV-1 proviral load in infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 does not increase after the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis and does not decrease after IDH remission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"407","article-title":"Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"2","author":"Gessain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1031","article-title":"HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity","volume":"1","author":"Osame","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2031","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease","volume":"79","author":"Yoshida","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"de Sousa, T.R., and Victor, J.R. (2020). Natural Self-Ligand Gamma Delta T Cell Receptors (\u03b3\u03b4TCRs) Insight: The Potential of Induced IgG. Vaccines, 8."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"780386","article-title":"Influence of maternal immunization with allergens on the thymic maturation of lymphocytes with regulatory potential in children: A broad field for further exploration","volume":"2014","author":"Victor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"507","article-title":"Allergen-specific IgG as a mediator of allergy inhibition: Lessons from mother to child","volume":"13","author":"Victor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"540","article-title":"Do different IgG repertoires play a role in B- and T-cell functional modulation during ontogeny? The \u201chooks without bait\u201d theory","volume":"98","author":"Victor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"770","article-title":"IgG from individuals without atopy arising as mediators of a nonatopic profile in human peripheral CD4+ T cells","volume":"132","author":"Cunha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"de-Apoena Reche, D.T., Machado, N.R., Fagundes, B.O., Bergamasco, I.S., de Sousa, T.R., do Nascimento, L.A., Cunha, F.R.M., de-Oliveira, M.G., da-Ressurei\u00e7\u00e3o Sgnotto, F., and Fran\u00e7a, C.N. (2024). IgG from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-atopic individuals modulates non-atopic thymic B cell phenotype (alfa-4\/beta-7) and cytokine production (IFN-\u03b3, IL-9, and IL-10) with direct membrane interaction. Sci. Rep., 14."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rakanidis Machado, N., Fagundes, B.O., Fernandes, I.G., Terra De Apoena Reche, D., Sato, M.N., and Victor, J.R. (2023). IgG from patients with mild or severe COVID-19 reduces the frequency and modulates the function of peripheral mucosal-associated invariant T cells in PBMCs from healthy individuals. Biomed. Rep., 19."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"de Sousa, T.R., Fagundes, B.O., Nascimento, A., Fernandes, L.A., Sgnotto, F.D.R., Orfali, R.L., Aoki, V., Duarte, A.J.D.S., Sanabani, S.S., and Victor, J.R. (2022). IgG from Adult Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Patients Induces Thymic IL-22 Production and CLA Expression on CD4+ T Cells: Possible Epigenetic Implications Mediated by miRNA. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fagundes, B.O., de Sousa, T.R., Nascimento, A., Fernandes, L.A., Sgnotto, F.D.R., Orfali, R.L., Aoki, V., Duarte, A.J.D.S., Sanabani, S.S., and Victor, J.R. (2022). IgG from Adult Atopic Dermatitis (AD) Patients Induces Nonatopic Neonatal Thymic Gamma-Delta T Cells (\u03b3\u03b4T) to Acquire IL-22\/IL-17 Secretion Profile with Skin-Homing Properties and Epigenetic Implications Mediated by miRNA. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"263","article-title":"IgG from Non-atopic Individuals Induces In Vitro IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 Production by Human Intra-thymic \u03b3\u03b4T Cells: A Comparison with Atopic IgG and IVIg","volume":"67","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e56","article-title":"IgG From HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative and HIV-1-Infected Subjects Differently Modulates IFN-\u03b3 Production by Thymic T and B Cells","volume":"82","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Inoue, A.H.S., Lira, A.A.L., de-Oliveira, M.G., de Sousa, T.R., Sgnotto, F.D.R., Duarte, A.J.D.S., and Victor, J.R. (2020). The Potential of IgG to Induce Murine and Human Thymic Maturation of IL-10+ B Cells (B10) Revealed in a Pilot Study. Cells, 9."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"361","article-title":"Antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 robustly activate cell-mediated cytotoxic responses and directly neutralize viral infectivity at multiple steps of the entry process","volume":"187","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"117","article-title":"Chronic progressive myelopathy associated with elevated antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type I and adult T-cell leukemialike cells","volume":"21","author":"Osame","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"390","article-title":"Update on treatment of immunologic abortion with low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"54","author":"Stricker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies in sera of patients with recurrent pregnancy wastage","volume":"163","author":"Xu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid autoantibodies","volume":"264","author":"Roman","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1933","article-title":"T-helper 1-type immunity to trophoblast in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"273","author":"Hill","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"976","article-title":"An open-label study of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in severe childhood asthma","volume":"87","author":"Mazer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"551","article-title":"The treatment of atopic dermatitis with adjunctive high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin: A report of three patients and review of the literature","volume":"142","author":"Jolles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"139","article-title":"High doses intravenous immunoglobulin versus oral cyclosporine in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Bemanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"815","article-title":"Increase of interleukin-10-producing B cells associated with long-term remission after i.v. immunoglobulin treatment for pemphigus","volume":"43","author":"Kabuto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"176","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: How does IgG modulate the immune system?","volume":"13","author":"Schwab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"11","article-title":"The antiinflammatory activity of IgG: The intravenous IgG paradox","volume":"204","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"373","article-title":"Recapitulation of IVIG anti-inflammatory activity with a recombinant IgG Fc","volume":"320","author":"Anthony","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"670","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation","volume":"313","author":"Kaneko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Machado, N.R., Fagundes, B.O., Fernandes, L.A., de Oliveira, A.C.P., Nukui, Y., Casseb, J., Cunha, F.R.M., Nali, L.H.D.S., Sanabani, S.S., and Victor, J.R. (2023). Differential modulation of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-\u03b3 production mediated by IgG from Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected patients on healthy peripheral T (CD4+, CD8+, and \u03b3\u03b4) and B cells. Front. Med., 10."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Tattermusch, S., Skinner, J.A., Chaussabel, D., Banchereau, J., Berry, M.P., McNab, F.W., O\u2019Garra, A., Taylor, G.P., and Bangham, C.R. (2012). Systems biology approaches reveal a specific interferon-inducible signature in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. PLoS Pathog., 8."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2","article-title":"Visualization of HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the spinal cords of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"74","author":"Matsuura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Queiroz, M.A.F., Azevedo, V.N., Amoras, E.D.S.G., Moura, T.C.F., Guimar\u00e3es Ishak, M.O., Ishak, R., Vallinoto, A.C.R., and Martins Feitosa, R.N. (2018). +874A\/T Polymorphism Among Asymptomatic HTLV-1-Infected Individuals Is Potentially Related to a Worse Prognosis. Front. Microbiol., 9."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Leukemic cells from some adult T-cell leukemia patients proliferate in response to interleukin-4","volume":"72","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"133","article-title":"Interleukin-4 induces proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"50","author":"Mori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Domingos, J.A., Soares, L.S., Bandeira, L.M., Bonin, C.M., Vicente, A.C., Zanella, L., Puga, M.A., Tozetti, I.A., Motta-Castro, A.R., and da Cunha, R.V. (2017). Cytokine profile and proviral load among Japanese immigrants and non-Japanese infected with HTLV-1 in a non-endemic area of Brazil. PLoS ONE, 12."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"293","article-title":"Systemic cytokines and GlycA discriminate disease status and predict corticosteroid response in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammation","volume":"19","author":"Assone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"5948","article-title":"Autocrine\/paracrine cytokine stimulation of leukemic cell proliferation in smoldering and chronic adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"de Sena Rodrigues J\u00fanior, R., Antonia Nunes Gomes, J., Alberto da Silva Dias, G., Fujihara, S., Toshimitsu Yoshikawa, G., Vilela Lopes Koyama, R., Catarina Medeiros Sousa, R., Antonio Sim\u00f5es Quaresma, J., and Thais Fuzii, H. (2023). T helper type 9 cell response and its role in the neurological clinic of patients with Human T-lymphotropic virus 1. Immunobiology, 228."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2788","article-title":"Stimulation of interleukin-13 expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax via a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-kappaB and NFAT","volume":"89","author":"Silbermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3968","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) pathogenesis: A systems virology study","volume":"119","author":"Mozhgani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1591","article-title":"Molecular aspects of Interleukin-36 cytokine activation and regulation","volume":"52","author":"Keller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"114","article-title":"Dynamics and consequences of IL-21 production in HIV-infected individuals: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study","volume":"184","author":"Iannello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"195","article-title":"Role of IL-21 in HTLV-1 infections with emphasis on HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP)","volume":"206","author":"Rajaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"169","article-title":"Expression of functional interleukin-21 receptor on adult T-cell leukaemia cells","volume":"128","author":"Ueda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e158444","article-title":"Fc\u03b3 receptor-mediated cross-linking codefines the immunostimulatory activity of anti-human CD96 antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Rogel","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"110971","article-title":"METTL3 regulates the proliferation, metastasis and EMT progression of bladder cancer through P3H4","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1525","article-title":"ENO2 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Glycolysis, and Glucocorticoid-Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"882","article-title":"Integrated methylome and transcriptome analysis reveals novel regulatory elements in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"10","author":"Almamun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Dok1 and Dok2 proteins regulate natural killer cell development and function","volume":"33","author":"Boyron","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Laletin, V., Bernard, P.L., Montersino, C., Yamanashi, Y., Olive, D., Castellano, R., Guittard, G., and Nun\u00e8s, J.A. (2024). DOK1 and DOK2 regulate CD8 T cell signaling and memory formation without affecting tumor cell killing. Sci. Rep., 14."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"9581","article-title":"Gene signature based on B cell predicts clinical outcome of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for patients with lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1910","article-title":"MOZ regulates B-cell progenitors and, consequently, Moz haploinsufficiency dramatically retards MYC-induced lymphoma development","volume":"125","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"311","article-title":"Cloning of BCAS3 (17q23) and BCAS4 (20q13) genes that undergo amplification, overexpression, and fusion in breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Monni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes. Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"899","article-title":"Characterization of LRRFIP1","volume":"88","author":"Arakawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"329","article-title":"Long-Range Modulation of PAG1 Expression by 8q21 Allergy Risk Variants","volume":"97","author":"Vicente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e14717","article-title":"Multi-omics technologies and molecular biomarkers in brain tumor-related epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"115","article-title":"PLEKHO2 is essential for M-CSF-dependent macrophage survival","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Islam, S., Espitia, C.M., Persky, D.O., Carew, J.S., and Nawrocki, S.T. (2021). Targeting JAK\/STAT Signaling Antagonizes Resistance to Oncolytic Reovirus Therapy Driven by Prior Infection with HTLV-1 in Models of T-Cell Lymphoma. Viruses, 13."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e27450","article-title":"A refractory human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patient with lymphoma-type adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Tamaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"130","article-title":"Prevalence of plasma autoantibody against cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in HTLV-1 infected individuals with different clinical status","volume":"14","author":"Shiohama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1543","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system","volume":"349","author":"Darnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"114579","article-title":"NCOA3 impairs the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy via HSP90\u03b1\/EZH2\/CXCL9 axis in colon cancer","volume":"155","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1445","article-title":"The Balancing Act between Cancer Immunity and Autoimmunity in Response to Immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"3835","article-title":"Autoantibodies, autoimmune disease, and the birth of immune diagnostics","volume":"122","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Lopez, E., Scott, N.E., Wines, B.D., Hogarth, P.M., Wheatley, A.K., Kent, S.J., and Chung, A.W. (2019). Low pH Exposure During Immunoglobulin G Purification Methods Results in Aggregates That Avidly Bind Fc\u03b3 Receptors: Implications for Measuring Fc Dependent Antibody Functions. Front. Immunol., 10."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"395","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells amplify Blomia tropicalis-induced allergic airway disease","volume":"74","author":"Belkadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Low doses of IgG from atopic individuals can modulate in vitro IFN-\u03b3 production by human intra-thymic TCD4 and TCD8 cells: An IVIg comparative approach","volume":"13","author":"Sgnotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/10858\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T09:46:31Z","timestamp":1763631991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/10858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262210858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262210858","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]}}}