{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:44:49Z","timestamp":1789767889749,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030680","name":"Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PL-202208040-V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL-202208040-V"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney diseases in patients with SLE include glomerulonephritis (GN), tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and vasculitis alone or in combination. Immune complex (IC) deposition with complement activation in renal glomeruli causes lupus GN. However, IC deposition can also occur in the tubular basement membrane, renal interstitium, peritubular capillaries and arteries\/arterioles to elicit inflammatory responses. TIN is usually associated with more severe GN with inflammation induced by IC. Immunopathologically, the aberrant presentation of T cell subpopulations, Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg and follicular T helper cells (Tfh), is closely implicated in TIN in SLE. In addition, M1\/M2 macrophages and more specific dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to the inflammatory reactions of SLE-TIN. TIN may also present alone (isolated TIN) in apparently normal glomeruli or class I GN. It is intriguing that lupus nephritis constitutes two different pathological predilections, i.e., GN and tubulointerstitial inflammation. Alternatively, these two types may represent a continuous spectrum of inflammatory renal damages. In the present review, we will discuss in detail the pathology\/immunopathogenesis, likely specific biomarkers\/predictors and novel therapeutic designs for SLE-tubulointerstitial inflammation. In addition, we also raise several plausible investigation methods in SLE-tubulointerstitial inflammation that may help further elucidate this setting of perplexing renal diseases with rheumatic characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262210903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T15:07:31Z","timestamp":1762787251000},"page":"10903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Pathogenesis, Potential Biomarkers and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Tubulointerstitial Nephritis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Youh","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsai-Hung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Yang-Ming Campus, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0693-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo-Ming","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Yang-Ming Campus, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ting","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieh-Yu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Hsun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Hao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.2315","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: A review","volume":"331","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000516790","article-title":"Lupus nephritis\u2014The significant contribution of electron microscopy","volume":"1","author":"Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311416533","article-title":"Discrepancies in glomerular and tubulointerstitial\/vascular immune complex IgG subclasses in lupus nephritis","volume":"20","author":"Satoskar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001983","article-title":"In situ B cell-mediated immune responses and tubulointerstitial inflammation in human lupus nephritis","volume":"186","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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