{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:22:19Z","timestamp":1792804939009,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WE2554\/17-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WE2554\/17-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Research Aid","award":["70115581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70115581"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research within the Faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["PTD 1-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTD 1-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xfq0f34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa glycoprotein that has been shown to be a multifunctional player in the metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In physiological contexts, LCN2 exhibits bacteriostatic properties and plays key roles in iron homeostasis and the transport of hydrophobic molecules. However, several studies have shown that aberrant LCN2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in various malignancies, including breast cancer, which is the most common cancer in women worldwide and can be classified into four molecular subtypes. Among these, TNBC represents a disproportionately aggressive subtype characterized by poor prognosis and high metastatic potential. Although LCN2 has been extensively studied in breast cancer overall, its specific role in TNBC progression and metastasis is only beginning to be understood. Recent evidence suggests that LCN2 contributes to several tumor-promoting processes such as angiogenesis, therapy resistance and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, LCN2 appears to influence organ-specific metastasis, particularly to the lung and brain, while its role in liver and bone dissemination remains unclear. Collectively, current data identify LCN2 as a critical mediator of TNBC progression and highlight its potential as a prognostic factor and modulator of disease progression. This review aims to summarize insights from both in vitro and in vivo studies, with particular focus on the role of LCN2 in the metastatic cascade, while also addressing existing research gaps and critically evaluating the current findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262210938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:34:58Z","timestamp":1762936498000},"page":"10938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lipocalin-2 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Its Pathophysiological Role in the Metastatic Cascade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2266-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diandra T.","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Weiskirchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2265-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Schr\u00f6der-Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3180001","article-title":"The lipocalin protein family: Structure and function","volume":"318","author":"Flower","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)82217-7","article-title":"Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase","volume":"268","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106089200","article-title":"The high molecular weight urinary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is a complex of gelatinase B\/MMP-9 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Modulation of MMP-9 activity by NGAL","volume":"276","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer, E.P., Glenth\u00f8j, A., H\u00e4ger, M., Juncker-Jensen, A., Engelholm, L.H., Santoni-Rugiu, E., Lund, L.R., Laerum, O.D., Cowland, J.B., and Borregaard, N. (2012). No effect of NGAL\/lipocalin-2 on aggressiveness of cancer in the MMTV-PyMT\/FVB\/N mouse model for breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039646"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2004.10.009","article-title":"Siderocalin (Lcn 2) also binds carboxymycobactins, potentially defending against mycobacterial infections through iron sequestration","volume":"13","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00708-6","article-title":"The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Goetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03104","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron","volume":"432","author":"Flo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.402","article-title":"Iron traffics in circulation bound to a siderocalin (Ngal)-catechol complex","volume":"6","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago-S\u00e1nchez, G.S., Pita-Grisanti, V., Qui\u00f1ones-D\u00edaz, B., Gumpper, K., Cruz-Monserrate, Z., and Vivas-Mej\u00eda, P.E. (2020). Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Lipocalin 2 in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124365"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2755","article-title":"The solution structure and dynamics of human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin","volume":"289","author":"Coles","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.10.027","article-title":"A cell-surface receptor for lipocalin 24p3 selectively mediates apoptosis and iron uptake","volume":"123","author":"Devireddy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, S.K., Gasterich, N., Weiskirchen, S., and Weiskirchen, R. (2023). Lipocalin 2 receptors: Facts, fictions, and myths. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1229885"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae979","article-title":"Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2025","volume":"53","author":"Sayers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"268","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 Upregulation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Novel Potential Diagnostic Biomarker","volume":"48","author":"Hamidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1997.4896","article-title":"Molecular characterization and pattern of tissue expression of the gene for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin from humans","volume":"45","author":"Cowland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9608-z","article-title":"NGAL: A biomarker of acute kidney injury and other systemic conditions","volume":"42","author":"Soni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessel, J.C., Weiskirchen, R., and Schr\u00f6der, S.K. (2023). Expression Analysis of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Tissues of Esr1-Deficient Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119280"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7096","article-title":"Overexpression of lipocalin 2 in human cervical cancer enhances tumor invasion","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810617106","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 promotes breast cancer progression","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604329","article-title":"Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"98","author":"Moniaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2009.17","article-title":"NGAL decreases E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and increases cell motility and invasion through Rac1 in colon carcinoma cells","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2009.953257","article-title":"Lipocalin2 expressions correlate significantly with tumor differentiation in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"57","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"129","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) in inflammation and cancer","volume":"1826","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertens, C., Schnetz, M., Rehwald, C., Grein, S., Elwakeel, E., Weigert, A., Br\u00fcne, B., and Jung, M. (2021). Iron-Bound Lipocalin-2 from Tumor-Associated Macrophages Drives Breast Cancer Progression Independent of Ferroportin. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11030180"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23337","article-title":"Prognostic significance of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 serum and tissue expression in breast cancer","volume":"122","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-219017","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 could predict circulating MMP9 levels in patients with breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Bahrun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ferlay, J., Ervik, M., Lam, F., Laversanne, M., Colombet, M., Mery, L., Pi\u00f1eros, M., Znaor, A., Soerjomataram, I., and Bray, F. (2025, July 10). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2019.11.005","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of Ki67 expression in correlation with various breast cancer characteristics and survival rate; cross sectional study","volume":"48","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"100469","article-title":"The clinical behavior of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer","volume":"29","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8099","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S181223","article-title":"Lipocalin 2: A potential therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, Y., Yan, Z., Shi, N., Tian, X., Li, J., Li, T., Cheng, X., and Lv, J. (2024). LCN2: Versatile players in breast cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother., 171.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116091"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2016.12.006","article-title":"Correlates of Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy Patterns in Black and White Women with Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Sheppard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1935-y","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: The impact of guideline-adherent adjuvant treatment on survival--a retrospective multi-centre cohort study","volume":"132","author":"Schwentner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2024.105640","article-title":"Prognostic impact of histological subtyping in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"152","author":"Grosse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-010-0957-x","article-title":"Characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"137","author":"Veeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000500","article-title":"Epidemiology of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2969-2","article-title":"A metastasis map of human cancer cell lines","volume":"588","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, O., Hossain, F., Danos, D., Lassak, A., Scribner, R., and Miele, L. (2020). Racial Disparities in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of the Role of Biologic and Non-biologic Factors. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.576964"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45014","article-title":"Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies","volume":"121","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, B.D., Jovanovi\u0107, B., Chen, X., Estrada, M.V., Johnson, K.N., Shyr, Y., Moses, H.L., Sanders, M.E., and Pietenpol, J.A. (2016). Refinement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: Implications for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Selection. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157368"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.06.005","article-title":"Pathology of triple negative breast cancer","volume":"72","author":"Borri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D.-Y., Jiang, Z., Ben-David, Y., Woodgett, J.R., and Zacksenhaus, E. (2019). Molecular stratification within triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55710-w"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"436","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characteristics of basal-like breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Budzik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol.\/wspo\u0142cz. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Qiao, X., Liu, Z., and Zhang, W. (2024). The role of E2F2 in cancer progression and its value as a therapeutic target. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1397303"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.07.080","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 in triple negative breast cancer patients","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4280","article-title":"Identification and use of biomarkers in treatment strategies for triple-negative breast cancer subtypes","volume":"232","author":"Lehmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-020-01296-5","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480507100906","article-title":"Metaplastic breast cancer: Clinical features and outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, R.J., and Mac Gabhann, F. (2013). Expression of VEGF and semaphorin genes define subgroups of triple negative breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061788"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01850-7","article-title":"Advances in immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieci, M.V., Tsvetkova, V., Griguolo, G., Miglietta, F., Mantiero, M., Tasca, G., Cumerlato, E., Giorgi, C.A., Giarratano, T., and Faggioni, G. (2019). Androgen Receptor Expression and Association with Distant Disease-Free Survival in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Analysis of 263 Patients Treated with Standard Therapy for Stage I-III Disease. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00452"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2200113","article-title":"Luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype of triple-negative breast cancer: Molecular, morphological, and clinical features","volume":"23","author":"Vtorushin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/prm2.12107","article-title":"Patterns of distant metastases in patients with triple-negative breast cancer\u2014A population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Precis. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7951","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5575","article-title":"Prognosis prediction and risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer patients with brain metastasis: A population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-3546-4","article-title":"Predictive factors and patterns of recurrence in patients with triple negative breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Steward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, J.-Y., Chang, C.-J., and Cheng, J.-S. (2022). Survival, treatment regimens and medical costs of women newly diagnosed with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04316-2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.628649","article-title":"Patient survival and healthcare utilization costs after diagnosis of triple-negative breast cancer in a United States managed care cancer registry","volume":"28","author":"Baser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.08.010","article-title":"Roles of NGAL and MMP-9 in the tumor microenvironment and sensitivity to targeted therapy","volume":"1863","author":"Candido","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090384","article-title":"Comparative analysis of metastasis variants derived from human prostate carcinoma cells: Roles in intravasation of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and uPA-mediated invasion","volume":"175","author":"Conn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-211730","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 is a novel regulator of angiogenesis in human breast cancer","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.124.4.619","article-title":"Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis","volume":"124","author":"Frisch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr589","article-title":"Breast cancer-induced angiogenesis: Multiple mechanisms and the role of the microenvironment","volume":"5","author":"Boudreau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0905","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Angiogenesis and the management of breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03351-7","article-title":"Tumor angiogenesis: Causes, consequences, challenges and opportunities","volume":"77","author":"Lugano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.026","article-title":"Anoikis molecular pathways and its role in cancer progression","volume":"1833","author":"Paoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.02.015","article-title":"Hemodynamic Forces Tune the Arrest, Adhesion, and Extravasation of Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"45","author":"Follain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Ye, T., Li, G., Zhang, X., and Shi, H. (2021). Margination and adhesion dynamics of tumor cells in a real microvascular network. PLoS Comput. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008746"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib40149a","article-title":"Mechanisms of tumor cell extravasation in an in vitro microvascular network platform","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17038","article-title":"Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells","volume":"529","author":"Obenauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.6","article-title":"Pre-metastatic niches: Organ-specific homes for metastases","volume":"17","author":"Peinado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3094","article-title":"Breast-cancer-secreted miR-122 reprograms glucose metabolism in premetastatic niche to promote metastasis","volume":"17","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205456119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205456119","article-title":"Metastatic triple negative breast cancer adapts its metabolism to destination tissues while retaining key metabolic signatures","volume":"119","author":"Roshanzamir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13389","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 negatively regulates cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition through changing metabolic gene expression in colorectal cancer","volume":"108","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0210","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2022.2170779","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment and triple-negative breast cancer aggressiveness: Shedding light on mechanisms and targeting","volume":"26","author":"Furukawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01308","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01308","article-title":"Extracellular matrix signatures of human mammary carcinoma identify novel metastasis promoters","volume":"3","author":"Naba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2062","article-title":"A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility","volume":"12","author":"Fraley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Chang, H., Giricz, O., Lee, G.Y., Baehner, F.L., Gray, J.W., Bissell, M.J., Kenny, P.A., and Parvin, B. (2010). Molecular predictors of 3D morphogenesis by breast cancer cell lines in 3D culture. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000684"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140324","article-title":"Quantitative morphological signatures define local signaling networks regulating cell morphology","volume":"316","author":"Bakal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baskaran, J.P., Weldy, A., Guarin, J., Munoz, G., Shpilker, P.H., Kotlik, M., Subbiah, N., Wishart, A., Peng, Y., and Miller, M.A. (2020). Cell shape, and not 2D migration, predicts extracellular matrix-driven 3D cell invasion in breast cancer. APL Bioeng., 4.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5143779"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4352","article-title":"ISDoT: In situ decellularization of tissues for high-resolution imaging and proteomic analysis of native extracellular matrix","volume":"23","author":"Madsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"abe6474","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe6474","article-title":"Pan-cancer single-cell landscape of tumor-infiltrating T cells","volume":"374","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2016.10.010","article-title":"B lymphocytes and cancer: A love-hate relationship","volume":"2","author":"Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.03.022","article-title":"Redefining macrophage and neutrophil biology in the metastatic cascade","volume":"54","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0238-1","article-title":"A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"20","author":"Sahai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.51","article-title":"Microenvironmental regulation of tumour angiogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Biziato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.03.018","article-title":"Multiple roles of lymphatic vessels in tumor progression","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2021-00066","article-title":"Neural regulations of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"4","author":"Restaino","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fertig, E.J., Lee, E., Pandey, N.B., and Popel, A.S. (2015). Analysis of gene expression of secreted factors associated with breast cancer metastases in breast cancer subtypes. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12133"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2018.05.003","article-title":"Modeling triple-negative breast cancer heterogeneity: Effects of stromal macrophages, fibroblasts and tumor vasculature","volume":"452","author":"Norton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2020.1739484","article-title":"Cytokines secreted by stromal cells in TNBC microenvironment as potential targets for cancer therapy","volume":"21","author":"Malone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Liu, Y., Ali, N.M., Zhang, B., and Cui, X. (2022). The role of innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and research progress in anti-tumor therapy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1039260"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.11.009","article-title":"Immune cells within the tumor microenvironment: Biological functions and roles in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"470","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"105","article-title":"Tumor associated macrophages deliver iron to tumor cells via Lcn2","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939889","article-title":"Differential regulation of iron homeostasis during human macrophage polarized activation","volume":"40","author":"Recalcati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra64","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf3241","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 from macrophages stimulated by tumor cell-derived sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaberi, S.A., Cohen, A., D\u2019Souza, C., Abdulrazzaq, Y.M., Ojha, S., Bastaki, S., and Adeghate, E.A. (2021). Lipocalin-2: Structure, function, distribution and role in metabolic disorders. Biomed. Pharmacother., 142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112002"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01187-y","article-title":"Neutrophils in cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003609","article-title":"N1 and N2 neutrophil subtypes in breast cancer: Functional implications and clinical perspectives: A narrative review","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.58789","article-title":"Elevated plasma level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Leng, M., Yang, Q., Jiang, W., Xiang, G., Long, L., and Zhou, X. (2025). Targeting circulating tumor cell\u2013neutrophil interactions: Nanoengineered strategies for inhibiting cancer metastasis. J. Nanobiotechnol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03522-8"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Qutami, F., AlHalabi, W., Vijayakumar, A., Rawat, S.S., Mossa, A.H., Jayakumar, M.N., Samreen, B., and Hachim, M.Y. (2024). Characterizing the Inflammatory Profile of Neutrophil-Rich Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040747"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100691","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomics of Tissue-Infiltrating T Cells from CRC Patients Identified Lipocalin-2 Induces T-Cell Apoptosis and Promotes Tumor Cell Proliferation by Iron Efflux","volume":"23","author":"Che","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floderer, M., Prchal-Murphy, M., and Vizzardelli, C. (2014). Dendritic cell-secreted lipocalin2 induces CD8+ T-cell apoptosis, contributes to T-cell priming and leads to a TH1 phenotype. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101881"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2015.05.010","article-title":"Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers in triple-negative breast cancer: ZEB1 as a potential biomarker for poor clinical outcome","volume":"46","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3485-1","article-title":"Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"152","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2017","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer relates to the basal-like phenotype","volume":"68","author":"Hardisson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.10.012","article-title":"Metastatic colonization requires the repression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer Prrx1","volume":"22","author":"Fabra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.11.025","article-title":"Mesenchymal Cancer Cell-Stroma Crosstalk Promotes Niche Activation, Epithelial Reversion, and Metastatic Colonization","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn7571","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn7571","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer metastasis involves complex epithelial-mesenchymal transition dynamics and requires vimentin","volume":"14","author":"Grasset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, X., Li, G., Yuan, Y., He, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, W., Wu, Z., Chen, T., Wu, W., and Lobie, P.E. (2012). MicroRNA-7 inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of breast cancer cells via targeting FAK expression. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041523"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"483","article-title":"Experimental co-expression of vimentin and keratin intermediate filaments in human breast cancer cells results in phenotypic interconversion and increased invasive behavior","volume":"150","author":"Hendrix","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2889","article-title":"Choosing the right cell line for breast cancer research","volume":"13","author":"Holliday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-025-02115-5","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase shields triple-negative breast cancer cells from ferroptosis in metastasis triggered by glutamine deprivation","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G.W., Lee, D.H., Jeon, Y.H., Yoo, J., Kim, S.Y., Lee, S.W., Cho, H.Y., and Kwon, S.H. (2021). Glutamine Synthetase as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041701"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1001389","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"363","author":"Foulkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.4147","article-title":"Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Liedtke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, G., Wang, J., Liu, F., Zhao, C., Cui, S., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Zhang, Q., Xiang, C., and Zhang, Y. (2024). G-4 inhibits triple negative breast cancer by inducing cell apoptosis and promoting LCN2-dependent ferroptosis. Biochem. Pharmacol., 222.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116077"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109731","article-title":"Differential regulation of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in doxorubicin-resistant 4T1 triple negative breast cancer cells","volume":"74","author":"Meurer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2420","article-title":"HIC1 silencing in triple-negative breast cancer drives progression through misregulation of LCN2","volume":"74","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.12.4965","article-title":"LCN2 Promoter Methylation Status as Novel Predictive Marker for Microvessel Density and Aggressive Tumor Phenotype in Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"16","author":"Meka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-023-10423-8","article-title":"WTAP Mediates NUPR1 Regulation of LCN2 Through m6A Modification to Influence Ferroptosis, Thereby Promoting Breast Cancer Proliferation, Migration and Invasion","volume":"62","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.08.026","article-title":"HIC1 promoter methylation and 17p13.3 allelic loss in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast","volume":"222","author":"Parrella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.08.011","article-title":"Tumor suppressor HIC1 directly regulates SIRT1 to modulate p53-dependent DNA-damage responses","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00582-09","article-title":"Differential regulation of HIC1 target genes by CtBP and NuRD, via an acetylation\/SUMOylation switch, in quiescent versus proliferating cells","volume":"30","author":"Boulay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118492","article-title":"Lipocalin2 promotes cell proliferation and migration in ovarian cancer through activation of the ERK\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"262","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monisha, J., Roy, N.K., Padmavathi, G., Banik, K., Bordoloi, D., Khwairakpam, A.D., Arfuso, F., Chinnathambi, A., Alahmadi, T.A., and Alharbi, S.A. (2018). NGAL is Downregulated in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Leads to Increased Survival, Proliferation, Migration and Chemoresistance. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0076.v1"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-016-0564-9","article-title":"Lipocalin2 suppresses metastasis of colorectal cancer by attenuating NF-\u03baB-dependent activation of snail and epithelial mesenchymal transition","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-013-2009-6","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 is associated with a good prognosis and reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"363","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piedra-Delgado, L., Chambergo-Michilot, D., Morante, Z., Fairen, C., Jerves-Coello, F., Luque-Benavides, R., Casas, F., Bustamante, E., Razuri-Bustamante, C., and Torres-Roman, J.S. (2024). Survival according to the site of metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer patients: The Peruvian experience. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293833"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.9820","article-title":"Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes","volume":"28","author":"Kennecke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.024","article-title":"Tumor metastasis: Molecular insights and evolving paradigms","volume":"147","author":"Valastyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-27-83","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 promotes lung metastasis of murine breast cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8579","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1934","article-title":"Inhibition of lipocalin 2 impairs breast tumorigenesis and metastasis","volume":"69","author":"Leng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz2193","article-title":"Cancer cells deploy lipocalin-2 to collect limiting iron in leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"369","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Smith, M.R., Wang, Y., D\u2019Agostino, R., Ruiz, J., Lycan, T., Kucera, G.L., Miller, L.D., Li, W., and Chan, M.D. (2023). c-Met Mediated Cytokine Network Promotes Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Remodeling Neutrophil Activities. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092626"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000101107","article-title":"Disruption of the Lcn2 gene in mice suppresses primary mammary tumor formation but does not decrease lung metastasis","volume":"107","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Wang, B., Cao, J., Shao, Z., and Wang, Z. (2018). Incidence, pattern and prognosis of brain metastases in patients with metastatic triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4371-0"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.027","article-title":"A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: Focus on adult humans","volume":"273","author":"Spector","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.52","article-title":"Neutrophils in cancer: Neutral no more","volume":"16","author":"Coffelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-022-02385-9","article-title":"Effects of iron modulation on mesenchymal stem cell-induced drug resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer","volume":"41","author":"Buschhaus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackey, J.B.G., Coffelt, S.B., and Carlin, L.M. (2019). Neutrophil Maturity in Cancer. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01912"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.004","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer stemness","volume":"31","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23930","article-title":"Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: High incidence of central nervous system metastases","volume":"113","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_543_17","article-title":"Clinicopathological features and prognostic evaluation of bone metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Chu, Y., Xu, B., Hu, Q., and Song, Q. (2019). Risk factors for distant metastasis of patients with primary triple-negative breast cancer. Biosci. Rep., 39.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20190288"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-2807","article-title":"Patient-Derived Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Organoids Provide Robust Model Systems That Recapitulate Tumor Intrinsic Characteristics","volume":"82","author":"Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/10938\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:35:15Z","timestamp":1762936515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/10938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262210938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262210938","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}