{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:20:54Z","timestamp":1792804854485,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health for the IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute of Bologna","award":["n. 2024\/731138, CUPD33C23001460001. PI: CR Arciola"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n. 2024\/731138, CUPD33C23001460001. PI: CR Arciola"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ycyys66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent form of arthropathy, is characterized by progressive degradation of cartilage, synovial inflammation, and other pathological changes that gradually affect the entire joint. Once regarded as a purely degenerative disease with minimal immune involvement, recent evidence reveals that chronic low-grade inflammation, insidiously fueled by the destructive crosstalk between cartilage and synovium, plays a key role in OA pathophysiology. Among the immune cells involved, eosinophils have emerged as unexpected yet significant contributors, exhibiting both pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. Traditionally associated with allergic responses and antiparasitic defense, eosinophils can also secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines along with specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) that promote macrophage polarization toward reparative M2 phenotypes. Eosinophils may sustain inflammation or, conversely, act as \u201csilent modulators\u201d that subtly shape the immune microenvironment and support tissue homeostasis. This immunological plasticity positions them at the intersection of joint damage and repair. This article explores emerging evidence on eosinophil activity in OA, emphasizing their dual nature and potential as therapeutic targets to shift the joint milieu from a pro-inflammatory state toward resolution. Understanding eosinophil-mediated pathways may pave the way for novel strategies to reduce synovial inflammation, preserve cartilage integrity, and improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262210948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T10:56:47Z","timestamp":1762945007000},"page":"10948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inflaming and Immune-Resolving: The Ambivalent Role of Eosinophils in Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Costantini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Dolzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Panichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Borz\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulraj","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur 635130, TN, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Daglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. 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