{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:55:39Z","timestamp":1763542539633,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JST SPRING","award":["JPMJSP2110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2110"]}]},{"name":"Joint Usage\/Research Program on Zero-Emission Energy Research, Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University","award":["ZE2025B-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZE2025B-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has attracted attention as a ceramic implant material owing to its excellent mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and aesthetic properties. However, YSZ is bioinert and lacks the ability to directly bond with bone. This study aims to enhance the bioactivity of 3D-printed porous YSZ through modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF) pretreatments. The porous YSZ substrates fabricated by fused deposition modeling were first etched with hydrofluoric acid (HF) to increase the surface roughness, followed by immersion in CO32\u2212, Mg2+, and\/or Zn2+ ion-incorporated m-SBFs. Among the tested solutions, the apatite coating formed in Mg2+- and Zn2+-containing m-SBF within one day, exhibiting uniform precipitation and a reduced tetragonal-to-monoclinic (t\u2192m) transition. The incorporated Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions were successfully detected on the apatite coating, with Mg\/Ca and Zn\/Ca ratios of approximately 4.82% and 3.33%, respectively. Mg2\u207a is known to stimulate osteogenesis, while Zn2\u207a exhibits antibacterial activity. Furthermore, compared with standard SBF under high-temperature and high-pH conditions, the m-SBF induced markedly less t\u2192m phase transition on YSZ substrates, suggesting that m-SBF, as a biomimetic medium for imparting bioactivity, provides a more suitable environment for YSZ substrates. This study demonstrates that HF surface treatment combined with Mg2+- and Zn2+-containing m-SBF pretreatment effectively imparts bioactivity to 3D-printed YSZ, offering a promising approach for next-generation osteoconductive ceramic implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262210950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T10:56:47Z","timestamp":1762945007000},"page":"10950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fabrication of Bioactive, 3D-Printed, Porous, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia via Mg\/Zn-Incorporated Modified Simulated Body Fluid Pretreatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4943-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeomi","family":"Takai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2111-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yabutsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12093","article-title":"Bacterial Adhesion on the Titanium and Zirconia Abutment Surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Pita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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