{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:17:32Z","timestamp":1789168652859,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease with complex immunopathogenesis involving dysregulated cytokine networks. In recent years, targeted therapies have transformed the management of cAD by directly or indirectly modulating cytokine activity. Lokivetmab, a monoclonal antibody neutralizing interleukin-31, represents a breakthrough in veterinary dermatology, providing rapid and sustained reduction in pruritus with a favorable safety profile. Janus kinase inhibitors, including oclacitinib and the newer ilunocitinib, act downstream by blocking cytokine signal transduction, offering effective control of both acute and chronic phases of disease. Ciclosporin, a calcineurin inhibitor, remains a valuable immunosuppressant for long-term cAD management, while topical tacrolimus provides localized benefits. Together, these therapies mark a paradigm shift from non-specific immunosuppressants to precision medicine. In this context, precision medicine refers to therapeutic strategies that selectively target key cytokines or intracellular signaling pathways central to the pathogenesis of cAD, such as IL-31 or the JAK\/STAT axis. Unlike traditional immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoids, which exert broad and non-selective immune suppression, these agents modulate defined molecular mechanisms, thereby improving efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Consequently, they enable improved quality of life for affected dogs and their owners. Future strategies will likely focus on patient stratification and personalized approaches based on immunological endotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262210990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:57:13Z","timestamp":1763038633000},"page":"10990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Anti-Cytokine Drugs in the Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wichtowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Olejnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, B., Alves, S., Schmidt, V., Bizarro, A., Pinto, M., Pereira, H., Marto, J., and Louren\u00e7o, A. (2023). Primary Prevention of Canine Atopic Dermatitis: Breaking the Cycle\u2014A Narrative Review. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10110659"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13183","article-title":"Introduction to the ICADA 2023 Canine Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis Review Articles and Updated Definition","volume":"35","author":"Eisenschenk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.011","article-title":"The Immunology of Atopic Dermatitis and Its Reversibility with Broad-Spectrum and Targeted Therapies","volume":"139","author":"Brunner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasa.2021.07.004","article-title":"Current Knowledge on Canine Atopic Dermatitis\u2014Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"2","author":"Outerbridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Small Anim. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hensel, P., Santoro, D., Favrot, C., Hill, P., and Griffin, C. (2015). Canine Atopic Dermatitis: Detailed Guidelines for Diagnosis and Allergen Identification. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0515-5"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"15","article-title":"Canine Atopic Dermatitis: Prevalence, Impact, and Management Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Drechsler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13210","article-title":"Update on the Role of Genetic Factors, Environmental Factors and Allergens in Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Hensel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"124-e32","article-title":"Review: Lymphocytes, Cytokines, Chemokines and the T-helper 1\u2013T-helper 2 Balance in Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Bizikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.05.025","article-title":"Lesional Skin in Atopic Dogs Shows a Mixed Type-1 and Type-2 Immune Responsiveness","volume":"143","author":"Schlotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.2.194","article-title":"Current Understanding of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"241","author":"Marsella","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majewska, A., Dembele, K., Dziendzikowska, K., Prostek, A., and Gajewska, M. (2022). Cytokine and Lymphocyte Profiles in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis after Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071037"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00310-5","article-title":"The ACVD Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis (V): Biology and Role of Inflammatory Cells in Cutaneous Allergic Reactions","volume":"81","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13192","article-title":"Update on the Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Santoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose-John, S. (2017). Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028415"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, J., Leon, R., Starr, H., Kim, S., Fogle, J., and Banovic, F. (2023). Establishment of an Intradermal Canine IL-31-Induced Pruritus Model to Evaluate Therapeutic Candidates in Atopic Dermatitis. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050329"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48-e12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01098.x","article-title":"Interleukin-31: Its Role in Canine Pruritus and Naturally Occurring Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"24","author":"Gonzales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246-e91","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12531","article-title":"Expression of IL-33 in Chronic Lesional Skin of Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Asahina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2024.110786","article-title":"Immunoexpression of IL-33 in the Different Clinical Aspects of Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"273","author":"Borek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184-e46","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12301","article-title":"Transcription of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin via Toll-like Receptor 2 in Canine Keratinocytes: A Possible Association of Staphylococcus Spp. in the Deterioration of Allergic Inflammation in Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"54-e14","article-title":"Expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"24","author":"Chervet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.05.117","article-title":"Early Activation of Th2\/Th22 Inflammatory and Pruritogenic Pathways in Acute Canine Atopic Dermatitis Skin Lesions","volume":"136","author":"Olivry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jebbawi, F., Olomski, F., Inversini, V., Keller, G., Rhiner, T., Waldern, N., Lam, J., Pantelyushin, S., Canonica, F., and Birkmann, K. (Allergy, 2025). Anti-IL-5 Vaccination Dampens Allergen-Specific IgE Levels and Modulates IL-4 and IL-5 Th2 Cytokines in Skin Allergy of Mice and Horses, Allergy, Early View.","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70020"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.11.1291","article-title":"Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs","volume":"254","author":"Nuttall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131-e38","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13044","article-title":"Altered Plasma Cytokines in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Mazrier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cutaneous Expression of IL-17, IL-22, IL-31, and Their Receptors in Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Shiomitsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359-e94","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12873","article-title":"Measurement of Serum Interleukin 34 (IL-34) and Correlation with Severity and Pruritus Scores in Client-Owned Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Gow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593-e145","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12478","article-title":"A Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Lokivetmab Compared to Ciclosporin in Client-Owned Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"28","author":"Moyaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gober, M., Hillier, A., Vasquez, M., Amodie, D., and Mellencamp, M. (2022). Use of Cytopoint in the Allergic Dog. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.909776"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"505-e136","article-title":"A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Safety of Lokivetmab (ZTS-00103289), a Caninized Anti-Canine IL-31 Monoclonal Antibody in Client-Owned Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Michels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.045","article-title":"IL-31: A New Key Player in Dermatology and Beyond","volume":"141","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110574","article-title":"Laboratory Safety Evaluation of Lokivetmab, a Canine Anti-Interleukin-31 Monoclonal Antibody, in Dogs","volume":"258","author":"Krautmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13286","article-title":"Long-term Use of Lokivetmab in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Kasper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489-e164","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12682","article-title":"A Retrospective Analysis of the Use of Lokivetmab in the Management of Allergic Pruritus in a Referral Population of 135 Dogs in the Western USA","volume":"29","author":"Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruet, V., Mosca, M., Briand, A., Bourdeau, P., Pin, D., Cochet-Faivre, N., and Cadiergues, M.-C. (2022). Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Antipruritic Drugs in the Control of the Most Frequent Pruritic Skin Diseases in Dogs. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9040149"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"477-e131","article-title":"A Masked, Randomised Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Lokivetmab Compared to Saline Control in Client-Owned Dogs with Allergic Dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Moyaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479-e114","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12047","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Oclacitinib for the Control of Pruritus and Associated Skin Lesions in Dogs with Canine Allergic Dermatitis","volume":"24","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12101","article-title":"Oclacitinib (APOQUEL\u00ae) Is a Novel Janus Kinase Inhibitor with Activity against Cytokines Involved in Allergy","volume":"37","author":"Gonzales","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.12.0570","article-title":"Oclacitinib 10 Years Later: Lessons Learned and Directions for the Future","volume":"261","author":"Marsella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512-e86","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12166","article-title":"Efficacy of Oclacitinib (Apoquel\u00ae) Compared with Prednisolone for the Control of Pruritus and Clinical Signs Associated with Allergic Dermatitis in Client-Owned Dogs in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Gadeyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12087","article-title":"The Pharmacokinetics of Oclacitinib Maleate, a Janus Kinase Inhibitor, in the Dog","volume":"37","author":"Collard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171-e35","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12194","article-title":"Long-Term Compassionate Use of Oclacitinib in Dogs with Atopic and Allergic Skin Disease: Safety, Efficacy and Quality of Life","volume":"26","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2025). Apoquel (Oclacitinib)\u2014Summary of Product Characteristics, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211048458","article-title":"Efficacy of Oclacitinib for the Control of Feline Atopic Skin Syndrome: Correlating Plasma Concentrations with Clinical Response","volume":"24","author":"Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"110-e30","article-title":"A Double-blinded, Randomized, Methylprednisolone-controlled Study on the Efficacy of Oclacitinib in the Management of Pruritus in Cats with Nonflea Nonfood-induced Hypersensitivity Dermatitis","volume":"30","author":"Noli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, N.L., Campos, D.R., Machado, M.A., Alves, M.S.R., de Souza, M.S.G., da Veiga, C.C.P., Merlo, A., Scott, F.B., and Fernandes, J.I. (2019). A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Safety of Oclacitinib in Cats. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1893-x"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13319","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ilunocitinib and Oclacitinib for the Control of Pruritus and Associated Skin Lesions in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Forster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA CVM) (2024). Freedom of Information (FOI) Summary: NADA 141-585, ZenreliaTM (Ilunocitinib Tablets)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13344","article-title":"Efficacy and Field Safety of Ilunocitinib for the Control of Atopic Dermatitis in Client-Owned Dogs: A Multicentre, Double-Masked, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"36","author":"Forster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boerngen, K., Patel, Y., Pittorino, M., and Toutain, C. (J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 2025). Pharmacokinetics of Ilunocitinib, a New Janus Kinase Inhibitor, in Dogs, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., Early View.","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70022"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuntz, E.A., Gabor, L., and Toutain, C.E. (2025). Safety of Ilunocitinib Tablets (Zenrelia\u2122) after Once Daily Oral Administration in Dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04579-1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fent, G.M., Despa, S., Gabor, L., Earll, M., McCandless, E.E., O\u2019Kelley, S., Patch, J.R., Snyder, J., and King, S. (2025). Response to Primary Canine Core Vaccination in 10-Month-Old Seronegative Dogs Treated with Three Times the Recommended Therapeutic Dose of Ilunocitinib Tablets (Zenrelia\u2122). BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04896-5"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fent, G.M., Jacela, J., Plazola-Ortiz, R., Olps, J., McCandless, E.E., Toutain, C.E., O\u2019Kelley, S., and King, S. (2025). Immunologic Response to First Booster Vaccination in Dogs Treated with Zenrelia\u2122 (Ilunocitinib Tablets) at up to Three Times the Recommended Therapeutic Dose Compared to Untreated Controls. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04929-z"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13503","article-title":"Safety of the Selective JAK1 Inhibitor Oclacitinib in Dogs","volume":"48","author":"Nederveld","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key339","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Janus Kinase Inhibitor Selectivity","volume":"58","author":"Choy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2025). Numelvi (Atinvicitinib)\u2014Summary of Product Characteristics, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parmentier, J.M., Voss, J., Graff, C., Schwartz, A., Argiriadi, M., Friedman, M., Camp, H.S., Padley, R.J., George, J.S., and Hyland, D. (2018). In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of the JAK1 Selectivity of Upadacitinib (ABT-494). BMC Rheumatol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-018-0031-x"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.370","article-title":"Randomised Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Ciclosporin in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs","volume":"221","author":"Olivry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(00)00192-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Cyclosporine","volume":"47","author":"Matsuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.887","article-title":"Cyclosporine A Inhibits the mRNA Expressions of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3, but Not TNF-\u03b1, in Canine Mononuclear Cells","volume":"69","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivry, T., DeBoer, D.J., Favrot, C., Jackson, H.A., Mueller, R.S., Nuttall, T., Pr\u00e9laud, P., and For the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (2015). Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis: 2015 Updated Guidelines from the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0514-6"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12265","article-title":"Oral Cyclosporine Treatment in Dogs: A Review of the Literature","volume":"28","author":"Archer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22-e7","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12278","article-title":"Repeated Oral Dose Tolerance in Dogs Treated Concomitantly with Ciclosporin and Oclacitinib for Three Weeks","volume":"27","author":"Panteri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"23-e8","article-title":"A Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Oclacitinib and Ciclosporin for the Control of Atopic Dermatitis in Client-Owned Dogs","volume":"26","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2004.00397.x","article-title":"Investigation on the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of 0.1% Tacrolimus Ointment (Protopic\u00ae) in Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Study","volume":"15","author":"Marsella","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2005.00419.x","article-title":"Treatment of Localized Lesions of Canine Atopic Dermatitis with Tacrolimus Ointment: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Bensignor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284-e69","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12849","article-title":"Comparison of Various Treatment Options for Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Study in a Colony of Research Atopic Beagle Dogs","volume":"31","author":"Marsella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, B. (2022). In Dogs with Atopic Skin Disease, Is Lokivetmab More Effective than Oclacitinib in Reducing the Score of a Recognised Scoring System?. Vet. Evid., 7.","DOI":"10.18849\/ve.v7i2.569"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2018.1480246","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis with the JAK1 Inhibitor Oclacitinib","volume":"31","author":"Haugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25-e6","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12416","article-title":"The Future of Immunotherapy for Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Review","volume":"28","author":"DeBoer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79-e24","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12196","article-title":"Review: Clinical and Histological Features of Canine Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"26","author":"Bizikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03638-X","article-title":"Elimination Mechanisms of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97-e26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01088.x","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials for Prevention or Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs: 2008\u20132018 update","volume":"24","author":"Olivry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq030","article-title":"IL-6: From Its Discovery to Clinical Applications","volume":"22","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merbl, Y., Lopez Baltazar, J.M., Byron, M., Chamberlin, T., Brown, A., Stuebing, E., Eves, W., Tatarniuk, D., Brodie, D., and Copland, G. (2025). Tocilizumab Binds to Canine IL-6 Receptor and Elicits In Vitro Inhibitory Biological Response. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1645414"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhou, X., Elazab, S.T., Huang, J., and Hsu, W.H. (2025). Current Review of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics in Small Animal Medicine. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040472"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/10990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:59:18Z","timestamp":1763038758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/10990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262210990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262210990","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}}}