{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:29:34Z","timestamp":1780428574082,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term effects of concussions, particularly in contact sport athletes, have been linked to changes in neuronal health. Lipid dysregulation has emerged as a potential contributor to neuronal injury and may serve as a measurable biomarker of brain pathology. This study investigated cognitive scores and serum lipid biomarkers in retired rugby players with a history of concussion to assess their association with concussion exposure. Serum levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-HC), 25-HC, 27-HC, total triglycerides, and ceramide were compared between retired rugby players with a history of repeated concussions (n = 26) and non-contact sport controls (n = 19). ELISA-based quantification and statistical analyses identified significant group differences. Concussed athletes exhibited significantly lower serum 24-HC and significantly higher levels of 27-HC, triglycerides, and ceramide compared to controls, while no significant difference was observed for 25-HC. These findings indicate that repeated concussion is associated with reductions in cognitive performance and persistent alterations in serum lipid profiles. The observed lipid changes, particularly in 24-HC, 27-HC, ceramide, and triglycerides, may serve as measurable biomarkers of concussion-related biochemical alterations, providing a foundation for future studies aimed at monitoring neurological health in at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1763111196000},"page":"11002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Concussion-Related Cognitive and Lipid Changes in Retired UK Rugby Players Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Norah","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Entwistle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"},{"name":"Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham TS17 6BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Hind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham TS17 6BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Chazot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01310-y","article-title":"Cumulative sport-related injuries and longer term impact in retired male Elite-and Amateur-Level rugby code athletes and non-contact athletes: A retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"Hind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00018-7","article-title":"The neurophysiology of concussion","volume":"67","author":"Shaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. 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