{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:17:04Z","timestamp":1791404224974,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"John Paul II Hospital","award":["FN\/16\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FN\/16\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite substantial progress in medical care, acute myocarditis remains a life-threatening disorder with a sudden onset, often unexpectedly complicating a simple and common upper respiratory tract infection. In most cases, myocarditis is triggered by viral infections (over 80%), with an estimated incidence of 10\u2013106 per 100,000 annually. The clinical course may worsen in cases of mixed etiology, where a primary viral infection is complicated by secondary bacterial pathogens, leading to prolonged inflammation and an increased risk of progression to chronic active myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy. We present a case report illustrating the clinical problem of acute myocarditis progression into a chronic active form. A central element of host defense is the inflammasome\u2014an intracellular complex that activates pyroptosis and cytokine release (IL-1\u03b2, IL-18). While these processes help combat pathogens, their persistent activation may sustain inflammation and trigger heart failure and cardiac fibrosis, eventually leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of inflammasome pathways and their dual clinical role in myocarditis: they are essential for controlling acute infection but may become harmful when overactivated, contributing to chronic myocardial injury. Additionally, we discuss both novel and established therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory and anti-fibrotic mechanisms, including IL-1 receptor blockers (anakinra, canakinumab), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitors (colchicine, MCC950, dapansutrile, INF200), NF-\u03baB inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), as well as microRNAs. Our aim is to emphasize the clinical importance of early identification of patients at risk of transitioning from acute to chronic inflammation, elucidate the role of inflammasomes, and present emerging therapies that may improve outcomes by balancing effective pathogen clearance with limitation of chronic cardiac damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1763111196000},"page":"11003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inflammasomes as Potential Therapeutic Targets to Prevent Chronic Active Viral Myocarditis\u2014Translating Basic Science into Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Przytu\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Podolec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, \u015bw. Anny 12, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Przew\u0142ocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, \u015bw. Anny 12, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Podolec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, \u015bw. Anny 12, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8006-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kab\u0142ak-Ziembicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, \u015bw. Anny 12, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratory, The St. John Paul II Hospital, Pr\u0105dnicka 80, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.3371","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Myocarditis","volume":"329","author":"Ammirati","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golpour, A., Patriki, D., Hanson, P.J., McManus, B., and Heidecker, B. (2021). Epidemiological Impact of Myocarditis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040603"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brociek, E., Tymi\u0144ska, A., Giordani, A.S., Caforio, A.L., Wojnicz, R., Grabowski, M., and Oziera\u0144ski, K. (2023). 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