{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:15:14Z","timestamp":1763111714003,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Catecholamines are fundamental mediators of the stress response, regulating arousal, vigilance, and adaptive behavior. However, their dynamics under extreme real-life conditions remain insufficiently explored. Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training provides a unique model for examining neuroendocrine mechanisms of adaptation during both the acute phase and the recovery period following intense psychological and physical stress. Serum norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were measured in 47 special forces soldiers during peak stress in SERE and one month later, compared with 17 healthy controls. Samples were collected under standardized conditions and analyzed using validated ELISA kits. NE levels differed significantly among groups (p = 0.003), being higher during SERE training and in controls compared to the post-recovery condition. DA also showed a significant group effect (p &lt; 0.001), with increased levels during recovery and in soldiers during SERE relative to controls. The post-recovery decline in norepinephrine suggests adaptive habituation of sympathetic activity following extreme stress exposure. Conversely, the sustained elevation of dopamine during recovery may reflect neuroadaptive mechanisms that promote motivational and cognitive restoration. Together, these findings indicate coordinated catecholaminergic regulation supporting long-term resilience in elite military personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1763111196000},"page":"11012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catecholaminergic Adaptation to Extreme Military Stress: Norepinephrine and Dopamine Responses During and After SERE Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2759-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalina","family":"Grzesik-Pietrasiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolomics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelia","family":"\u0141ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolomics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2128-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Przednowek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7565-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolomics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00266-8","article-title":"Neural Circuits Mediating Stress","volume":"46","author":"Akil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. 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