{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:17:38Z","timestamp":1790821058765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID\u2014FONDECYT\u2014Chile","award":["11240905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11240905"]}]},{"name":"ANID\u2014FONDECYT\u2014Chile","award":["1251133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1251133"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Development Agency (ANID)\/Human Capital Sub-directorate\/National Master\u2019s Scholarship","award":["2025-22251001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-22251001"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Development Agency (ANID)\/Human Capital Sub-directorate\/National Doctorate Scholarships","award":["21230900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21230900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sarcopenia are prevalent age-related conditions that often coexist and share common mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, reduced neuroplasticity, and impaired muscle function. Resistance exercise training (RET) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological strategy capable of addressing both physical and cognitive decline. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize preclinical and clinical evidence on the effects of RET in older adults with MCI and sarcopenia, with a specific focus on its impact on neuroinflammation, cognitive performance and structural brain changes. At the molecular level, RET activates anabolic pathways, including PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR, enhances neurotrophic support via BDNF, NT-3, and IGF-1, and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis through exercise-induced myokines such as irisin and cathepsin B. RET also exerts immunomodulatory actions by shifting microglia toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, attenuating reactive astrogliosis, and supporting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, thereby improving myelin integrity. Neuroimaging studies consistently report preservation of hippocampal and precuneus gray matter, as well as improved white matter connectivity following RET. Clinically, RET has demonstrated significant and sustained improvements in executive function, memory, and global cognition, with effects persisting for up to 18 months. Collectively, RET represents a multifaceted intervention with the potential to delay progression from MCI to Alzheimer\u2019s disease by integrating neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anabolic effects. Standardization of RET protocols and identification of biomarkers of responsiveness are needed to optimize its role within multimodal dementia-prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T14:37:52Z","timestamp":1763131072000},"page":"11036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mild Cognitive Impairment and Sarcopenia: Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Neuroinflammation, Cognitive Performance, and Structural Brain Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Oporto-Colicoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mag\u00edster en Terapia F\u00edsica con Menci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0320-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Sep\u00falveda-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Menci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Nasri","family":"Marzuca-Nassr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Sep\u00falveda-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Precl\u00ednicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. 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