{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:20:04Z","timestamp":1788175204115,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profiling offers non-invasive insights for personalized prostate cancer management. This systematic review provides the first comprehensive appraisal of ctDNA assay methods, genomic targets, and their clinical correlations and proposes practical recommendations to guide future standardization and validation. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library starting December 2024 following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. From 229 records, 44 studies (10,631 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Plasma ctDNA analyzed by NGS predominantly profiled TP53 (72.7%), AR (70.4%), BRCA1\/2 (61.3%), ATM (50%), RB1 (47.7%), and PTEN (41%). ctDNA positivity and specific key alterations correlated with poorer overall and progression-free survival. BRCA1\/2-mutant patients benefited from Olaparib plus Abiraterone, while persistent alterations predicted early progression. Beyond synthesizing existing evidence, we identify key gaps, such as inconsistent reporting of variant allele fractions, limited diversity in study populations, and underexplored rare alterations. We recommend unified reporting standards (e.g., variant allele frequency thresholds and panel composition) and prioritized prospective trials to validate high-impact targets. These steps will accelerate the integration of ctDNA into routine precision oncology practice worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"11049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Circulating Tumor DNA as a Biomarker for Precision Medicine in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nouhaila","family":"Chanhih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Health Sciences (CReSS), International Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Technopolis Parc, Rocade of Rabat-Sal\u00e9, Sala-Al Jadida 11100, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelilah","family":"Laraqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"},{"name":"Biomedical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9709-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma","family":"Hassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larbi","family":"Hamedoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hicham","family":"El Annaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Abi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8352-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Rida","family":"Tagajdid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idriss Lahlou","family":"Amine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Ennibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10045, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Benjouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Health Sciences (CReSS), International Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Technopolis Parc, Rocade of Rabat-Sal\u00e9, Sala-Al Jadida 11100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamiae","family":"Belayachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Health Sciences (CReSS), International Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Technopolis Parc, Rocade of Rabat-Sal\u00e9, Sala-Al Jadida 11100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Omics sciences and precision medicine in prostate cancer","volume":"174","author":"Medori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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