{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:35Z","timestamp":1787028575135,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2054\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2054\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ariel University Research & Development Department","award":["RA2000000457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA2000000457"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a widespread human condition closely associated with musculoskeletal disorders, involving alterations in body composition and systemic inflammation. In this cross-sectional study, 1075 adults were classified into a VDD (n = 304) group and a VD sufficient (VDS) group (n = 771). Body composition measurements, including the fat mass-to-weight ratio (FM\/WT), were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Plasma levels of IL-9, IL-34, and MCP-1 were also measured. Data on osteoporosis (OP) and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) were collected. Regression analyses indicated that FM\/WT was independently associated with VDD, which in turn was linked to elevated IL-34 levels. Individuals with VDD had a significantly higher prevalence of OP and KOA compared with those with VDS. Structural equation modeling confirmed and quantified these associations, suggesting that FM\/WT is a significant predictor of VDD status (\u03b2 = 0.305, 95% CI: 0.231\u20130.367). VDD is directly associated with elevated IL-34 levels (\u03b2 = 0.353, 95% CI: 0.308\u20130.398), while IL-34 levels, in turn, are a possible cause of KOA (\u03b2 = 0.573, 95% CI: 0.460\u20130.687) and OP (\u03b2 = 0.433, 95% CI: 0.329\u20130.536). Our data clearly demonstrate existence of a physiological-pathological continuum: obesity-VDD-IL-34 and both OP and KOA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"11090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IL-34 as a Novel Mediator Linking Vitamin D Deficiency with Osteoporosis and Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Tarabeih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Emek Yezreel 1930600, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kalinkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shai","family":"Ashkenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Shalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Simon Winter Institute for Human Genetics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Livshits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. 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