{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:36:10Z","timestamp":1791531370059,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["113-2314-B-075A-007-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-075A-007-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taiwan","award":["TCVGH-1143902C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1143902C"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taiwan","award":["TCVGH-NCHU1147623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-NCHU1147623"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taiwan","award":["TCVGH-PU1148004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-PU1148004"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taiwan","award":["TCVGH-1143907D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1143907D"]}]},{"name":"Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taiwan","award":["TCVGH-113G412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-113G412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Open posterior lumbar surgery involves detaching paraspinal muscles from the spine to decompress neural tissues and to place instruments. While this operation improves the quality of life, it often has adverse effects on skeletal muscles like inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Corticosteroids are well known for their anti-inflammatory function. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of intramuscular injection of corticosteroid on injured paraspinal muscles following surgery on the spine. C2C12 cells were co-exposed to hypoxia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate ischemia and inflammatory response after muscle retraction to assess the effect of steroid. In vivo experiment, animals first underwent paraspinous muscle splitting with retractors to induce muscle injury, and later were assessed for neurobehavior, electrophysiology, and protein level related to inflammatory or regeneration following intramuscular (IM) steroid injection. Steroid rescued reduced cell viability caused by hypoxia + LPS, and attenuated induced protein expression of iNOS, COX2, Bad, and Bax. In neurobehavioral assessments (CatWalk, Ethovision, Von Frey test, and open field locomotor), retraction of paraspinous muscles worsened behaviors that were improved by IM steroid injections. The electrophysiology study showed that IM steroid injection lessened the muscle denervation caused by retraction. Similarly, IM steroid injections also attenuated dorsal root ganglion antigenicity of CGRP, Iba-1, and CD68 induced by muscle retraction. Muscle retraction downregulated AChR, desmin, PSD 95, and GAP 43, whereas IM steroid injection attenuated the adverse effects. The restoration of muscle morphology and decreased fibrosis were also facilitated by IM dexamethasone. IM steroid injection appears to protect against retraction damage in paraspinous muscle following spinal surgery. IM steroid paraspinous muscle injection may provide beneficial effects in spinal operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"11093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Benefits of Steroid Injections into Paraspinous Muscles After Spinal Surgery in a Rat Paraspinal Muscle Retraction Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0431-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meei-Ling","family":"Sheu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biotechnology Industrial Management and Innovation, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Yi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8511-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De-Wei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Cheng","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Yu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Health and Social Welfare for Indigenous Peoples, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Lin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsi-Kai","family":"Tsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Chuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31814b2d8e","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease followinglumbar\/thoracolumbar fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation: A minimum 5-year follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Cheh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31814cf24a","article-title":"Adult spinal deformity surgery: Complications and outcomes in patients over age 60","volume":"32","author":"Daubs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 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