{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:19:22Z","timestamp":1788218362529,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the program E022 of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda,","award":["2024\/060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/060"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF-2023-I-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-I-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the gastric mucosa and infects over 50% of the global population, predominantly in developing countries. The organism causes chronic gastritis and is associated with gastric carcinoma. Traditional antibiotic treatment promotes intestinal dysbiosis and antimicrobial resistance. In this context, postbiotics\u2014the metabolic end products of probiotics\u2014have been shown to be powerful antimicrobial alternatives. The excretion\/secretion (E\/S) products and exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been found to exhibit inhibitory activity against pathogens. EPSs are complex sugar polymers involved in biofilm formation and stress resistance, and their activity varies with culture conditions. Most notably, no digestible carbohydrates, such as those present in agave-derived Graminan-Type fructans (GTFs), are effective carbon sources for LAB, which, in turn, affects their metabolic end products. In this study, the E\/S products and EPSs of the INP_MX_001 LAB strain were assayed for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity after growth with three structurally different GTFs. Results indicated potent inhibition of H. pylori survival and biofilm formation in vitro. Our results confirm the promise of using LAB-derived postbiotics, particularly those produced with GTFs, as a novel, non-antibiotic means of combating H. pylori colonization and infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T15:38:09Z","timestamp":1763393889000},"page":"11119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Agave Fructans as a Carbon Source to Develop a Postbiotic-Based Strategy for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3358-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique A.","family":"Sanhueza-Carrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomol\u00e9culas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia C.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomol\u00e9culas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SECIHTI), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Romo-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Castro-De la Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Layan Biotic Solutions, Guadalajara 44670, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mendoza-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Layan Biotic Solutions, Guadalajara 44670, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lainez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0470-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomol\u00e9culas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitas, R., Fonseca, D.R., Parreira, P., and Martins, M.C.L. (2024). Targeted Nanotherapeutics for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. J. Biomed. Sci., 31.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01068-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2019.11.008","article-title":"Primera Encuesta Nacional Sobre El Diagn\u00f3stico de La Infecci\u00f3n Por Helicobacter pylori En Los Laboratorios de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica En Espa\u00f1a","volume":"38","author":"Leiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.12.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Incidence of Gastric Cancer Between 1980 and 2022","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelsberger, V., Gerhard, M., and Mej\u00edas-Luque, R. (2024). Effects of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Intestinal Microbiota, Immunity and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1339750"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Tian, X., Wei, T., Wu, H., Lu, J., Lyu, M., and Wang, S. (2021). Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of a Lactobacillus sp. Pw-7 Exopolysaccharide. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102453"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtare, M., Ebrahimian, M., Namazi, A., Sadeghian, A.M., Talaee, H., and Masoodi, M. (2024). The Efficacy of Paraprobiotic, Probiotic, and Mineral Supplementation on the Eradication Rate of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Dyspepsia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Adv. Gut Microbiome Res., 2024.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9936691"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04523-7","article-title":"Are pro- and\/or Synbiotics Beneficial in Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy in Children? A Narrative Review","volume":"181","author":"Daelemans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parra-Sep\u00falveda, C., S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo, K., Olivares-Mu\u00f1oz, J., Guti\u00e9rrez-Zamorano, C., Smith, C.T., Carvajal, R.I., S\u00e1ez-Carrillo, K., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2022). Consumption of a Gelatin Supplemented with the Probiotic Strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C Prevents Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Young Adult Population Achieved. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11121668"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, M. (2024). Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer\u2014Changing Trends and Global Disparities. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16172948"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13017","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13017","article-title":"Probiotic Containing Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648 as an Adjunct Treatment for Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"28","author":"Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, S., Ren, F., Qin, H., Bukhari, I., Yang, J., Gao, D., Ouwehand, A.C., Lehtinen, M.J., Zheng, P., and Mi, Y. (2023). Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-115 Inhibit Helicobacter pylori Colonization and Gastric Inflammation in a Murine Model. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1196084"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorakkattu, P., Khanashyam, A.C., Shah, K., Babu, K.S., Mundanat, A.S., Deliephan, A., Deokar, G.S., Santivarangkna, C., and Nirmal, N.P. (2022). Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11193094"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Chen, Z., Zhou, Q., Li, P., Wu, S., Zhou, T., and Gu, Q. (2024). Exopolysaccharide from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Alleviates Gastritis in Helicobacter pylori Infected Mice by Regulating Gastric Microbiota. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1426358"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanhueza-Carrera, E.A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Lainez, C., Castro-De la Mora, C., Ortega-\u00c1lvarez, D., Mendoza-Camacho, C., Cort\u00e9z-S\u00e1nchez, J.M., P\u00e9rez-Guill\u00e9, B., de Vos, P., and L\u00f3pez-Vel\u00e1zquez, G. (2025). Swine Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Exopolysaccharides Differentially Modulate Toll-like Receptor Signaling Depending on the Agave Fructans Used as a Carbon Source. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071047"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19448","article-title":"The Effect of Optimized Carbon Source on the Synthesis and Composition of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus paracasei","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Van Den Ende, W., and \u00d6ner, E.T. (2023). Health Benefits of Inulin and Agavin-Type Fructans in Food: Impact on Microbiota, Immune and Gut Barrier Function. The Book of Fructans, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121259","article-title":"\u03b2(2 \u2192 1)-\u03b2(2 \u2192 6) and \u03b2(2 \u2192 1) Fructans Protect from Impairment of Intestinal Tight Junction\u2019s Gene Expression and Attenuate Human Dendritic Cell Responses in a Fructan-Dependent Fashion","volume":"320","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabino, Y.N.V., de Ara\u00fajo Domingues, K.C., Mathur, H., G\u00f3mez-Mascaraque, L.G., Drouin, G., Mart\u00ednez-Abad, A., T\u00f3tola, M.R., Abreu, L.M., Cotter, P.D., and Mantovani, H.C. (2023). Exopolysaccharides Produced by Bacillus spp. Inhibit Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus Strains Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126689"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ast\u00faa, A., Estevez, M.C., Ram\u00edrez-L\u00e1zaro, M.J., Calvet, X., Lario, S., and Lechuga, L.M. (2025). Identification and Ultrasensitive Quantification of H. pylori Infections on Gastric and Stool Human Samples with a Photonic Label-Free Nanobiosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron., 281.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117459"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105266","article-title":"Considerations for Determining Safety of Probiotics: A USP Perspective","volume":"136","author":"Roe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037499","article-title":"Challenge Model for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Volunteers","volume":"53","author":"Graham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425838","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2024.2425838","article-title":"Postbiotics and Parabiotics Derived from Bacteria and Yeast: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"CyTA\u2014J. Food"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinayamohan, P., Joseph, D., Viju, L.S., Baskaran, S.A., and Venkitanarayanan, K. (2024). Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents. Fermentation, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10120599"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raheem, A., Liang, L., Zhang, G., and Cui, S. (2021). Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections With Emphasis on Immune Regulation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.616713"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(08)00601-3","article-title":"Chapter 1 Understanding the Mechanisms by Which Probiotics Inhibit Gastrointestinal Pathogens","volume":"Volume 56","author":"Corr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2015.06.005","article-title":"Effect of pH in the Survival of Lactobacillus salivarius Strain UCO_979C Wild Type and the pH Acid Acclimated Variant","volume":"18","author":"Sanhueza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, J., Forma, A., Sitarz, M., Portincasa, P., Garruti, G., Krasowska, D., and Maciejewski, R. (2020). Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors\u2014Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010027"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CGast.S13760","DOI":"10.4137\/CGast.S13760","article-title":"Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Roesler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-10","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer: Factors That Modulate Disease Risk","volume":"23","author":"Wroblewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, R., Hu, X., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Sun, J., Su, Z., and Zhu, C. (2022). Strategies to Prevent, Curb and Eliminate Biofilm Formation Based on the Characteristics of Various Periods in One Biofilm Life Cycle. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1003033"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02498.x","article-title":"Antagonistic Activities of Lactobacilli against Helicobacter pylori Growth and Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., and Yang, H. (2021). In Vitro Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Ln66 and Antibiotics Used Alone or in Combination on Helicobacter pylori Mature Biofilm. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020424"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.11.4573-4580.1998","article-title":"Antagonistic Activity against Helicobacter Infection In Vitro and In Vivo by the Human Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain LB","volume":"64","author":"Coconnier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i20.2472","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum B7 Inhibits Helicobacter pylori Growth and Attenuates Gastric Inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Sunanliganon","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.1265","article-title":"In Vitro Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori Growth and of Adherence of cagA-Positive Strains to Gastric Epithelial Cells by Lactobacillus paraplantarum KNUC25 Isolated from Kimchi","volume":"13","author":"Ki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.009407-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus salivarius Modulates Cytokine Induction and Virulence Factor Gene Expression in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"58","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300269","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202300269","article-title":"The Effect of Altered pH Growth Conditions on the Production, Composition, and Proteomes of Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles","volume":"24","author":"Johnston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Qureshi, N., Xue, B., Xie, Z., Li, P., and Gu, Q. (2022). Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei ZFM54 on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastritis by Ameliorating Inflammation and Restoring Gastric Microbiota in Mice Model. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.972569"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Lin, Y., Ma, Y., Li, J., Li, J., Huo, Z., Yang, P., and Zhang, C. (2024). Screening Probiotics for Anti-Helicobacter pylori and Investigating the Effect of Probiotics on Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13121851"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivash, M., Krishnamoorthi, R., Mahalingam, P.U., and Malaikozhundan, B. (2023). Exopolysaccharide from Lactococcus hircilactis CH4 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii GRIPUMSK as New Therapeutics to Treat Biofilm Pathogens, Oxidative Stress and Human Colon Adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 250.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126171"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamisi, O.E., Ogidi, C.O., and Akinyele, B.J. (2024). Antimicrobial Metabolites from Probiotics, Pleurotus ostreatus and Their Co-Cultures against Foodborne Pathogens Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods. Ann. Microbiol., 74.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13213-024-01776-5"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0186","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide-Producing Streptococcus thermophilus CRL1190 Reduces the Inflammatory Response Caused by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"8","author":"Marcial","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Castillo, V., Marcial, G., Albarrac\u00edn, L., Tomokiyo, M., Clua, P., Takahashi, H., Kitazawa, H., Garcia-Cancino, A., and Villena, J. (2020). The Exopolysaccharide of Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C Is Partially Involved in Its Immunomodulatory Effect and Its Ability to Improve the Resistance against Helicobacter pylori Infection. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040479"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00001-18","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Formation and Its Potential Role in Pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Hathroubi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, J., Shi, J., Fang, C., Zeng, X., Wu, Z., Du, Q., Tu, M., and Pan, D. (2024). Elimination of Pathogen Biofilms via Postbiotics from Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Promising Method in Food and Biomedicine. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040704"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111163","article-title":"Antibiofilm Efficacy of Leuconostoc mesenteroides J.27-Derived Postbiotic and Food-Grade Essential Oils against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli Alone and in Combination, and Their Application as a Green Preservative I","volume":"156","author":"Toushik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, A., Huang, W., Shu, X., Ma, S., Yang, C., Zhang, R., Xiao, X., and Wu, Y. (2023). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Postbiotics Suppress Salmonella Infection via Modulating Bacterial Pathogenicity, Autophagy and Inflammasome in Mice. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13203215"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R.M., Walker, J.M., Beld, J., and Yin, K. (2025). Lactobacillus acidophilus (Strain Scav) Postbiotic Metabolites Reduce Infection and Modulate Inflammation in an In Vivo Model of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Wound Infection. J. Appl. Microbiol., 136.","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf061"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.05.072","article-title":"Characterization and Application of Postbiotics of Lactobacillus spp. on Listeria monocytogenes in Vitro and in Food Models","volume":"111","author":"Moradi","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, F., and Yang, H. (2021). Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius LN12 in Combination with Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin on Helicobacter pylori Biofilm In Vitro. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081611"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva Barreira, D., Laurent, J., Louren\u00e7o, J., Novion Ducassou, J., Cout\u00e9, Y., Guzzo, J., and Rieu, A. (2023). Membrane Vesicles Released by Lacticaseibacillus casei BL23 Inhibit the Biofilm Formation of Salmonella enteritidis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27959-9"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, G.B., Quelemes, P.V., da Silva Neta, E.R., de Lima, S.G., and Vale, G.C. (2024). Chemical Characterization and Effect of a Lactobacilli-Postbiotic on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm In Vitro. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12050843"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.1958077","article-title":"Postbiotics Secreted by Lactobacillus sakei EIR\/CM-1 Isolated from Cow Milk Microbiota, Display Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity against Ruminant Mastitis-Causing Pathogens","volume":"20","author":"Sevin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khani, N., Abedi Soleimani, R., Chadorshabi, S., Moutab, B.P., Milani, P.G., and Rad, A.H. (2024). Postbiotics as Candidates in Biofilm Inhibition in Food Industries. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 77.","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovad069"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02053-x","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from Vaginal Lactobacilli Modulate Microbial Biofilms","volume":"22","author":"Giordani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, N.C., Ramiro, J.M.P., Quecan, B.X.V., and de Melo Franco, B.D.G. (2016). Use of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Biofilms for the Control of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilms Formation. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00863"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01320-7","article-title":"Biofilm Formation and Antagonistic Activity of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (PTCC1712) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (PTCC1745)","volume":"11","author":"Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2019.07.009","article-title":"Preparation, Partial Characterization and Biological Activity of Exopolysaccharides Produced from Lactobacillus fermentum S1","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00694-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00694-20","article-title":"Antibiofilm Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum 12 Exopolysaccharides against Shigella flexneri","volume":"86","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prajapati, N., Patel, J., Singh, S., Yadav, V.K., Joshi, C., Patani, A., Prajapati, D., Sahoo, D.K., and Patel, A. (2023). Postbiotic Production: Harnessing the Power of Microbial Metabolites for Health Applications. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1306192"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109410","article-title":"qing Feruloylated Oligosaccharides and Ferulic Acid Alter Gut Microbiome to Alleviate Diabetic Syndrome","volume":"137","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.009","article-title":"Postbiotics: An Evolving Term within the Functional Foods Field","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0046","article-title":"Postbiotics: What Else?","volume":"4","author":"Tsilingiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/41483","article-title":"The Complete Genome Sequence of the Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori","volume":"388","author":"Tomb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauser, F., Hussain, M.A., Ahmed, I., Srinivas, S., Devi, S.M., Majeed, A.A., Rao, K.R., Khan, A.A., Sechi, L.A., and Ahmed, N. (2005). Comparative Genomics of Helicobacter pylori Isolates Recovered from Ulcer Disease Patients in England. BMC Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-32"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1138","article-title":"New Concepts of Resistance in the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infections","volume":"5","author":"Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., Bang, C.S., and Gong, E.J. (2024). Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. J. Korean Med. Sci., 39.","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e44"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"10","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Helicobacter pylori Strain ATCC 43504, a Type Strain That Can Infect Gerbils","volume":"9","author":"Ogura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02714.x","article-title":"Systematic Mutagenesis of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Pathogenicity Island: Essential Genes for CagA Translocation in Host Cells and Induction of Interleukin-8","volume":"42","author":"Fischer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.013","article-title":"Structure and Function of Helicobacter pylori CagA, the First-Identified Bacterial Protein Involved in Human Cancer","volume":"93","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34781","article-title":"Importance of Helicobacter pylori OipA in Clinical Presentation, Gastric Inflammation, and Mucosal Interleukin 8 Production","volume":"123","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backert, S., and Tegtmeyer, N. (2017). Type IV Secretion and Signal Transduction of Helicobacter pylori CagA through Interactions with Host Cell Receptors. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040115"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i33.4870","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Virulence Genes","volume":"25","author":"Jarc","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-06","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"20","author":"Lehours","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.12.2724","article-title":"Macrolide Resistance in Helicobacter pylori: Rapid Detection of Point Mutations and Assays of Macrolide Binding to Ribosomes","volume":"41","author":"Occhialini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118913","article-title":"Efficient Isolation of Membrane-Associated Exopolysaccharides of Four Commercial Bifidobacterial Strains","volume":"278","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/168167a0","article-title":"A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Sugars","volume":"168","author":"Dubois","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T05:24:52Z","timestamp":1763616292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262211119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262211119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}}}