{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:57:08Z","timestamp":1763542628538,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy through the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) under the Industrial R&D Information System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00238181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00238181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute","award":["BCRI24036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI24036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myocardial infarction is the most common form of coronary artery disease, and myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury remains a major challenge despite advances in reperfusion therapy. Endotoxin preconditioning has been linked to reduced ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury, but mechanisms remain unclear, and prior studies have used varied assessment methods with inconsistent results. In this study, we confirmed the protective effect of endotoxin preconditioning and assessed its role in preserving mitochondrial respiration using a multi-model approach of in vivo ischemia\u2013reperfusion rat model, ex vivo normothermic rat heart perfusion, and in vitro hypoxia\u2013reoxygenation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Hemodynamic and cell-based analyses were performed in control (n = 5), ischemia\u2013reperfusion\/hypoxia\u2013reoxygenation (n = 4\/3), and endotoxin-pretreated (n = 5\/3) groups. Low-dose endotoxin pretreatment significantly preserved left ventricular function, myocardial oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial respiration (p &lt; 0.001). Preservation of function was associated with reduced hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) expression and decreased mitochondrial superoxide production, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Nonlethal endotoxin pretreatment protects the myocardium from ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury by sustaining mitochondrial respiration and limiting oxidative damage. These findings support further investigation in large animal models to better replicate human myocardial infarction and evaluate translational potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:50:07Z","timestamp":1763542207000},"page":"11162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endotoxin Pretreatment Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Preservation of Mitochondrial Respiration: A Combined Assessment of In Vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5324-6045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reverien","family":"Habimana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiae","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YeongEun","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryul-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Soon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5533-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukhammad","family":"Kayumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis O.","family":"Obiweluozor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wang-In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2458-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwa Jin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Children\u2019s Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dowan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kook Joo","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2249-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inseok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Innovation, Technology, and Education (EXCITE) Research Group, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e9349","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.10.046","article-title":"Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: Statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations","volume":"168","author":"Finegold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Task Force on the Management, Steg, P.G., James, S.K., Atar, D., Badano, L.P., Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Borger, M.A., Di Mario, C., Dickstein, K., and Ducrocq, G. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur. Heart J., 33, 2569\u20132619.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs215"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1606915","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"376","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.09.020","article-title":"Global Trends in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"45","author":"Nedkoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severino, P., D'Amato, A., Pucci, M., Infusino, F., Adamo, F., Birtolo, L.I., Netti, L., Montefusco, G., Chimenti, C., and Lavalle, C. (2020). Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology Paradigms Overview: From Plaque Activation to Microvascular Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218118"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Bjorkegren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01766-6","article-title":"Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure After Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"24","author":"Moroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2022.02.005","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and the influence of inflammation","volume":"33","author":"Algoet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagris, M., Apostolos, A., Theofilis, P., Ktenopoulos, N., Katsaros, O., Tsalamandris, S., Tsioufis, K., Toutouzas, K., and Tousoulis, D. (2024). Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Unraveling Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Emerging Prevention Strategies. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040802"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155649","article-title":"The pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic drugs for myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184134","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI184134","article-title":"Mechanisms of postischemic cardiac death and protection following myocardial injury","volume":"135","author":"Mastoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-014-0035-9","article-title":"Sepsis protects the myocardium and other organs from subsequent ischaemic\/reperfusion injury via a MAPK-dependent mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Walshe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00506-0","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide triggers late preconditioning against myocardial infarction via inducible nitric oxide synthase","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Chen, J., and Gao, X. (2009). Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning enhances the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. J. Biomed. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-74"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21997","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413676200","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide improves cardiomyocyte survival and function after serum deprivation","volume":"280","author":"Chao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00995.2008","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling: A critical modulator of cell survival and ischemic injury in the heart","volume":"296","author":"Chao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.03.004","article-title":"Activation of AMPK inhibits inflammatory response during hypoxia and reoxygenation through modulating JNK-mediated NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.047","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: A remarkable contributor to preserve a healthy heart against ROS injury","volume":"166","author":"Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.032","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in cardiac development and protection","volume":"106","author":"Pohjoismaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1453137","article-title":"Mitochondria regulate cardiac contraction through ATP-dependent and independent mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323800","article-title":"Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Human Heart Failure","volume":"135","author":"Hinton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Carvalho, A., Bassaneze, V., Forni, M.F., Keusseyan, A.A., Kowaltowski, A.J., and Krieger, J.E. (2017). Early Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Proliferation Requires High Oxidative Energy Metabolism. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15656-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Nino, W.R., Zazueta, C., Buelna-Chontal, M., and Silva-Palacios, A. (2021). Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiac-Conditioning Strategies against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111123"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac134","article-title":"Mitochondrial calcium and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease","volume":"119","author":"Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozich, E., Ozkurede, U., Pakkiriswami, S., Gemilere, R., Azarin, S.M., and Liu, J.C. (2025). Mitochondrial oxidative stress, calcium and dynamics in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J. Physiol.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287770"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2516","article-title":"Endotoxin pretreatment increases endogenous myocardial catalase activity and decreases ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated rat hearts","volume":"86","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"H2708","article-title":"LPS-induced delayed myocardial adaptation enhances acute preconditioning to optimize postischemic cardiac function","volume":"272","author":"Rowland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13714","article-title":"LPS preconditioning of MSC-CM improves protection against hypoxia\/reoxygenation-induced damage in H9c2 cells partly via HMGB1\/Bach1 signalling","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2009.11.005","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide pre-conditioning is protective in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"29","author":"Merry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.068","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00049-1","article-title":"The why and how of adaptive immune responses in ischemic cardiovascular disease","volume":"1","author":"Mallat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167079","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI167079","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in macrophages controls cardiac repair after myocardial infarction","volume":"133","author":"Weissman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181e686f5","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and the evidence linking toll-like receptor signaling to cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3723","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: New players in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1831","article-title":"Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, K.R.Q., Amrute, J., Kovacs, A., Diwan, A., Williams, D.L., and Mann, D.L. (2024). Lipopolysaccharide Induces Trained Innate Immune Tolerance in the Heart Through Interferon Signaling in a Model of Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.24.614798"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.5","article-title":"Ischaemic conditioning and reperfusion injury","volume":"13","author":"Hausenloy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.14740\/cr1700","article-title":"The Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Assessing the Functional Level of Coronary Artery Lesions in Chronic Coronary Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Senderovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00257-w","article-title":"Poly(I:C) preconditioning protects the heart against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury through TLR3\/PI3K\/Akt-dependent pathway","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110714","article-title":"The role of PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"123","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.08.018","article-title":"The mitochondrial permeability transition: A current perspective on its identity and role in ischaemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"78","author":"Halestrap","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01187-0","article-title":"Identity, structure, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: Controversies, consensus, recent advances, and future directions","volume":"30","author":"Bernardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14331","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14331","article-title":"Modulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in reperfusion injury: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"55","author":"Morciano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H812","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00335.2017","article-title":"Guidelines for experimental models of myocardial ischemia and infarction","volume":"314","author":"Lindsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001103900416","article-title":"Improvements in the Establishment of a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model","volume":"3.9","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(92)93176-K","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning and contractile function_studies with normothermic and hypothermic global ischemia","volume":"24","author":"Cave","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.15171\/jcvtr.2015.19","article-title":"The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury of Heart: A Double Hit Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Endotoxemia","volume":"7","author":"Nader","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8151836","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8151836","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Aggravates High Glucose- and Hypoxia\/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury through Activating ROS-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes","volume":"2019","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-012-1494-3","article-title":"Delayed anesthetic preconditioning protects against myocardial infarction via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and upregulation of autophagy","volume":"27","author":"Qiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3976","article-title":"Isoflurane reduces endotoxin-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic responses in H9c2 cardiomyocytes","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2053","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.5.H2053","article-title":"Endotoxin infusion in rats induces apoptotic and survival pathways in hearts","volume":"279","author":"McDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000168327.22888.4d","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction: Effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor neutralization","volume":"96","author":"Chagnon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2741\/1777","article-title":"Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and myocardial protection from ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"11","author":"McDonough","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834536ce","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide and sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Balija","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22941","DOI":"10.5812\/cardiovascmed.22941","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function in ischemic rats: Value of m-mode echocardiography","volume":"3","author":"Sadeghpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tachibana, S. (2020). Analyzing Oxygen Consumption Rate in Primary Cultured Mouse Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/59052"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001025","article-title":"Viability of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Ex Vivo Circulation System","volume":"66","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASAIO J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:53:34Z","timestamp":1763542414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262211162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262211162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}