{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T09:02:18Z","timestamp":1764061338200,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The attachment\u2013invasion locus protein Ail of pathogenic Yersinia strains is an important virulence factor, both for invasion of eucaryotic cells and for serum resistance. In other Yersinia strains, e.g., those belonging to biotype (BT) 1A of Yersinia enterocolitica, ail has only occasionally been described. Sequence analysis of 370 BT 1A isolates in our laboratory revealed 41 (11.1%) which were ail-positive. Most of these isolates were recovered from minced meat and tonsils of wild boars, and belonged to 17 MLST allele profiles. A closer look at DNA sequences surrounding ail disclosed that the gene in most isolates is embedded in DNA regions encoding phage proteins. The genomes of four prophages belonging to four different phylogenetic clusters were determined and analyzed by in silico studies. These have sizes of 34.9 and 50.7 kb, and are closely related to each other but not to known phages. Unlike other regions of the prophages, the integrases and attachment sites of some of them diverge, leading to different integration sites in the isolates. In a fifth cluster, ail is relocated at a position on the Y. enterocolitica chromosome that is several hundred kilobases apart from those of the other clusters, but surrounded by prophage-related sequences. In addition, highly pathogenic 1B\/O:8 strains contain a DNA segment which includes ail and is 65 to 94% identical to the prophage sequences determined in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1763546533000},"page":"11166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Gene Ail for the Attachment\u2013Invasion Locus Protein of Yersinia enterocolitica Biotype 1A Strains Is Located on the \r\n\t\t\tGenomes of Novel Prophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Andre","family":"Hammerl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Laboratory for Yersinia, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hertwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Laboratory for Yersinia, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01412-5","article-title":"The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island: An iron-uptake island","volume":"3","author":"Carniel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2007). 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