{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:26:33Z","timestamp":1763702793300,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["075-15-2025-552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2025-552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transition to organic farming is one of the most desirable achievements of our time. Rational use of organic farming approaches not only enables a reduction in costs and increased yields but also limits the risks associated with the use of pesticides and chemicals. Despite the widest practical application of numerous biocontrol agents based on Bacillus strains, their metabolome, including the main active substances, often remains unknown. In order to understand the basic principles of the functioning of the Bacillus velezensis K-3618 strain, widely used in organic farming, we studied its spectrum of antimicrobial metabolites in detail. It was shown that the main antimicrobial agents of B. velezensis K-3618 are representatives of the macrolactin family. The identified macrolactin A (MLN A) and its acylated analogs 7-O-malonyl macrolactin A (mal-MLN A) and 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A (suc-MLN A) are active against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including multidrug-resistant strains. Among them, suc-MLN A is the most potent antimicrobial, highly active (MIC = 0.1 \u03bcg\/mL) against the common human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was revealed that the primary mechanism of action of MLN A-based macrolactins is protein translation inhibition. Acylated macrolactins outperform MLN A in the prokaryotic cell-free system, displaying high efficiency in low micromolar concentrations. We observed that acylated MLN A analogs undergo pathogen-mediated biotransformation into MLN F analogs, having their antimicrobial activity reduced by two orders of magnitude. Hence, both acylation of MLNs and stabilization of the MLN A core are essential for the creation of new synthetic MLNs with improved antimicrobial activity and stability. However, we speculate that these degradability modes are of prime importance for bacterial ecology, and they are highly conserved in Bacillus species from various ecological niches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1763551047000},"page":"11167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacillus-Based Biocontrol Agents Mediate Pathogen Killing by Biodegradable Antimicrobials from Macrolactin Family"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena B.","family":"Guglya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga A.","family":"Belozerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton E.","family":"Shikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera A.","family":"Alferova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3990-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria N.","family":"Romanenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir K.","family":"Chebotar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria S.","family":"Gancheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Baganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2963-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Vinogradova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta A.","family":"Marenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislav A.","family":"Lushpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova Str. 20, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Baranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1759-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita N.","family":"Baranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0109-1210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga A.","family":"Shevtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8620-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsen M.","family":"Kudzhaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2603-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri A.","family":"Prokopenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey I.","family":"Kovalchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii A.","family":"Lukianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8575-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill S.","family":"Antonets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton A.","family":"Nizhnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav S.","family":"Terekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16\/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, B.P., Green, T.A., and Loker, A.J. (2020). Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management in Organic and Conventional Systems. Biol. Control, 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2019.104095"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Jin, Y., Ren, H., Hong, T., Zheng, J., Fan, W., Hong, J., Chen, Z., Wang, A., and Lu, H. (2024). Research Progress of Bacillus Velezensis in Plant Disease Resistance and Growth Promotion. Front. Ind. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/finmi.2024.1442980"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabbee, M.F., Hwang, B.-S., and Baek, K.-H. (2023). Bacillus velezensis: A Beneficial Biocontrol Agent or Facultative Phytopathogen for Sustainable Agriculture. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13030840"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, C., Cock, I.E., Chen, X., and Feng, Y. (2022). Antimicrobial Bacillus: Metabolites and Their Mode of Action. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010088"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02141-1","article-title":"Contribution of Macrolactin in Bacillus velezensis CLA178 to the Antagonistic Activities against Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58","volume":"203","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204868z","article-title":"Production of Bacillomycin- and Macrolactin-Type Antibiotics by Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 for Suppressing Soilborne Plant Pathogens","volume":"60","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s42483-023-00204-x","article-title":"Biocontrol and Molecular Characterization of Bacillus velezensis D against Tobacco Bacterial Wilt","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousfi, S., Krier, F., Deracinois, B., Steels, S., Coutte, F., and Frikha-Gargouri, O. (2024). Characterization of Bacillus Velezensis 32a Metabolites and Their Synergistic Bioactivity against Crown Gall Disease. Microbiol. Res., 280.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127569"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890155","article-title":"Marine Drugs\u2013Macrolactins","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s42995-020-00068-6","article-title":"Macrolactins: Biological Activity and Biosynthesis","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7519","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00201a036","article-title":"The Macrolactins, a Novel Class of Antiviral and Cytotoxic Macrolides from a Deep-Sea Marine Bacterium","volume":"111","author":"Gustafson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Song, Y., Ning, Y., Li, S., Qu, Y., Jiao, B., and Lu, X. (2024). Macrolactin XY, a Macrolactin Antibiotic from Marine-Derived Bacillus subtilis sp. 18. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22080331"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1021\/np990605c","article-title":"New Macrolactins from a Marine Bacillus sp. Sc026","volume":"63","author":"Jaruchoktaweechai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1701-1709.2006","article-title":"7-O-Malonyl Macrolactin A, a New Macrolactin Antibiotic from Bacillus Subtilis Active against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, and a Small-Colony Variant of Burkholderia Cepacia","volume":"50","author":"Jansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1021\/np070070k","article-title":"Macrolactin Is the Polyketide Biosynthesis Product of the Pks2 Cluster of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens FZB42","volume":"70","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16031","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c07331","article-title":"Structural Basis of Specificity for Carboxyl-Terminated Acyl Donors in a Bacterial Acyltransferase","volume":"142","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00018-14","article-title":"Metabolic Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Macrolactin A and 7-O-Succinyl Macrolactin A Assessed by Evaluating Cytochrome P450 Inhibition and Induction and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Inhibition In Vitro","volume":"58","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2786","article-title":"A Simple and Sensitive HPLC-UV Determination of 7-O-succinyl Macrolactin A in Rat Plasma and Urine and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2013.861542","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Macrolactin A and 7-O-Succinyl Macrolactin A in Mice","volume":"44","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02200-2","article-title":"A Strong Antifungal Activity of 7-O-Succinyl Macrolactin A vs Macrolactin A from Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ELI149","volume":"77","author":"Salazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-0117-0","article-title":"Antibacterial Activities of Macrolactin a and 7-O-Succinyl Macrolactin a from Bacillus Polyfermenticus KJS-2 against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.54.333","article-title":"Novel Macrolactins as Antibiotic Lactones from a Marine Bacterium","volume":"54","author":"Nagao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2025.01.003","article-title":"Macrolactin a Is an Inhibitor of Protein Biosynthesis in Bacteria","volume":"232","author":"Vasilchenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.06.058","article-title":"Macrolactin N, a New Peptide Deformylase Inhibitor Produced by Bacillus subtilis","volume":"16","author":"Yoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2008.98","article-title":"Macrolactin S, a New Antibacterial Agent with Fab G-Inhibitory Activity from Bacillus sp. AT28","volume":"61","author":"Sohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/bbrj.bbrj_288_23","article-title":"Unveiling the Antimicrobial Potential of 7-O-Succinyl Macrolactin F from Bacillus subtilis Group against HtsA Siderophore Receptor of Staphylococcus aureus: A Computational Exploration","volume":"8","author":"Kalai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Biotechnol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811250115","article-title":"Ultrahigh-Throughput Functional Profiling of Microbiota Communities","volume":"115","author":"Terekhov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.960","article-title":"E. Pretsch, P. B\u00fchlmann, C. Affolter. Structure Determination of Organic Compounds\u2014Tables of Spectra Data. Springer, Berlin, 2000. 421 pp. plus CD-ROM. Price \u00a3 40.39, DM 79.00. ISBN 3 540 67815 8","volume":"40","author":"Duddeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"62","article-title":"Bacillus Subtilis CH13: A Highly Effective Biocontrol Agent for the Integrated Management of Plant Diseases","volume":"117","author":"Malfanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOBC-WPRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114","article-title":"CheckM: Assessing the Quality of Microbial Genomes Recovered from Isolates, Single Cells, and Metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab007","article-title":"Clinker & Clustermap.Js: Automatic Generation of Gene Cluster Comparison Figures","volume":"37","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D678","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1115","article-title":"MIBiG 4.0: Advancing Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Curation through Global Collaboration","volume":"53","author":"Zdouc","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00052-06","article-title":"Structural and Functional Characterization of Three Polyketide Synthase Gene Clusters in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 42","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1325","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth\u2013Promoting Bacterium bacillus Amyloliquefaciens FZB42","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4770","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13367","article-title":"Genome-wide Identification and Characterization of Macrolide Glycosyltransferases from a Marine-derived Bacillus Strain and Their Phylogenetic Distribution","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad344","article-title":"antiSMASH 7.0: New and Improved Predictions for Detection, Regulation, Chemical Structures and Visualisation","volume":"51","author":"Blin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux007","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"41","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2007.1428","article-title":"Enantioselective Microbial Oxidation of Allyl Alcohols","volume":"36","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3155","article-title":"Ribosome-Targeting Antibiotics and Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2024). ADH-Catalyzed Biooxidation of (Hetero)Aromatic sec-Alcohols to Ketones Employing Vinyl Acetate as Acetaldehyde Surrogate. ChemCatChem, 16, e202400803."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5264","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201900921","article-title":"Biocatalytic Enantioselective Oxidation of Sec-Allylic Alcohols with Flavin-Dependent Oxidases","volume":"361","author":"Gandomkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4293-8","article-title":"Two Different Primary Oxidation Mechanisms during Biotransformation of Thymol by Gram-Positive Bacteria of the Genera Nocardia and Mycobacterium","volume":"97","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jehangir, M., Iqbal, M.S., and Aftab, U. (2024). Biotransformation of Sumatriptan by Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174226"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2017.04.039","article-title":"Selection of Microbial Biocatalysts for the Reduction of Cyclic and Heterocyclic Ketones","volume":"58","author":"Bianchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2025, May 16). Babraham Bioinformatics\u2014FastQC A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"Fastp: An Ultra-Fast All-in-One FASTQ Preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: Quality Assessment Tool for Genome Assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D733","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1189","article-title":"Reference Sequence (RefSeq) Database at NCBI: Current Status, Taxonomic Expansion, and Functional Annotation","volume":"44","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid Prokaryotic Genome Annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High Throughput ANI Analysis of 90K Prokaryotic Genomes Reveals Clear Species Boundaries","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin-Hill, G., MacAlasdair, N., Ruis, C., Weimann, A., Horesh, G., Lees, J.A., Gladstone, R.A., Lo, S., Beaudoin, C., and Floto, R.A. (2020). Producing Polished Prokaryotic Pangenomes with the Panaroo Pipeline. Genome Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02090-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz189","article-title":"ModelTest-NG: A New and Scalable Tool for the Selection of DNA and Protein Evolutionary Models","volume":"37","author":"Darriba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e000056","article-title":"SNP-Sites: Rapid Efficient Extraction of SNPs from Multi-FASTA Alignments","volume":"2","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz305","article-title":"RAxML-NG: A Fast, Scalable and User-Friendly Tool for Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic Inference","volume":"35","author":"Kozlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2025, May 16). Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis|SpringerLink. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg412","article-title":"APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R Language","volume":"20","author":"Paradis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Markossian, S., Grossman, A., Arkin, M., Auld, D., Austin, C., Baell, J., Brimacombe, K., Chung, T.D.Y., Coussens, N.P., and Dahlin, J.L. (2004). Cell Viability Assays. Assay Guidance Manual, Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11167\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:22:59Z","timestamp":1763702579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262211167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262211167","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}