{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:13:59Z","timestamp":1791893639907,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity is widely recognized for its health benefits; however, it also increases the risk of musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries, with muscle-related cases constituting a considerable proportion. These injuries impair well-being, athletic performance, and career longevity while creating substantial social and economic burdens. Their multifactorial etiology involves internal and external risk factors, and evidence suggests a heritable component influencing tissue integrity, recovery, and overall susceptibility. While genetic contributions to ligament and tendon damage are relatively established, knowledge regarding muscle injuries remains limited. This review critically summarizes current evidence on polymorphisms associated with sport-related muscle injury susceptibility. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified studies examining genetic markers in physically active individuals with documented muscle injuries. To date, 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 32 genes have been significantly linked to injury risk, recurrence, severity, and recovery. These genes cluster into categories involving muscle structure, growth and regeneration, metabolism, inflammatory and stress responses, membrane stability, signaling, and vascular regulation. By integrating available findings and outlining knowledge gaps, this review highlights promising directions for advancing personalized prevention and rehabilitation strategies in sports medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1763551047000},"page":"11175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Genetic Susceptibility to Sport-Related Muscle Injuries: Insights from the Literature and Novel Gene Candidates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6787-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Leo\u0144ska-Duniec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395879","article-title":"Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer)","volume":"39","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105626","article-title":"Long-term quality of life, work limitation, physical activity, economic cost and disease burden following ACL and meniscal injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis for the OPTIKNEE consensus","volume":"56","author":"Filbay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrej\u00f3n, L.N., Mart\u00ednez-Serrano, A., Villal\u00f3n, J.M., and Alcaraz, P.E. (2024). Economic impact of muscle injury rate and hamstring strain injuries in professional football clubs: Evidence from LaLiga. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301498"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097385","article-title":"The economic burden of physical inactivity: A systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2007.10.007","article-title":"International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Molecular basis of connective tissue and muscle injuries in sport","volume":"27","author":"Ljungqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/jisakos-2017-000145","article-title":"Hamstring muscle injury in the athlete: State of the art","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. ISAKOS"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000445243","article-title":"Genes and musculoskeletal soft-tissue injuries","volume":"61","author":"Rahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0678-2","article-title":"Genetic variants and anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Kaynak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1787683","article-title":"Association between the ACE I\/D polymorphism and muscle injuries in Italian and Japanese elite football players","volume":"38","author":"Massidda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida, K.Y., Cetolin, T., Marrero, A.R., Aguiar Junior, A.S., Mohr, P., and Kikuchi, N. (2022). A pilot study on the prediction of non-contact muscle injuries based on ACTN3 R577X and ACE I\/D polymorphisms in professional soccer athletes. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112009"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra, A.P.R., Lima, G.H.O., da Silva, E.D.S., Maciel, J.F.D.S., Benetti, M.P., de Oliveira, R.A., Kiss, M.A.P., Ghorayeb, N., Newsholme, P., and Pesquero, J.B. (2019). Angiotensin-converting enzyme related-polymorphisms on inflammation, muscle and myocardial damage after a marathon race. Front. Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00984"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001434","article-title":"Genetic variants and hamstring injury in soccer: An association and validation study","volume":"50","author":"Larruskain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00682-z","article-title":"Association between total genotype score and muscle injuries in top-level football players: A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Massidda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, V., Areces, F., Ruiz-Vicente, D., Ordov\u00e1s, J.M., and Del Coso, J. (2020). Influence of the ACTN3 R577X genotype on the injury epidemiology of marathon runners. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227548"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000487","article-title":"ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with the incidence and severity of injuries in professional football players","volume":"29","author":"Massidda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05381-x","article-title":"ACTN3 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with non-contact musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury incidence in elite professional football players","volume":"27","author":"Clos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Coso, J., Rodas, G., Soler-Aguinaga, A., L\u00f3pez-Del Campo, R., Resta, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodenas, J., Ferrandis, J., and Moreno-P\u00e9rez, V. (2024). ACTN3 XX genotype negatively affects running performance and increases muscle injury incidence in LaLiga football players. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15030386"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodas, G., Moreno-P\u00e9rez, V., Del Coso, J., Florit, D., Osaba, L., and Lucia, A. (2021). Alpha-actinin-3 deficiency might affect recovery from non-contact muscle injuries: Preliminary findings in a top-level soccer team. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050769"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerit, M., Tuncer, S.Y., Piri, M.M., An\u0131l\u0131r, M., John, G., Semenova, E.A., Larin, A.K., Generozov, E.V., Ahmetov, I.I., and Ulucan, K. (2025). The ACTN3 R577X nonsense allele is under-represented in professional volleyball players and associated with an increased risk of muscle injury in female players. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16091076"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002658","article-title":"Female athletes genetically susceptible to fatigue fracture are resistant to muscle injury: Potential role of COL1A1 variant","volume":"53","author":"Kumagai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruna, R., Artells, R., Ribas, J., Montoro, B., Cos, F., Mu\u00f1oz, C., Rodas, G., and Maffulli, N. (2013). Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with non-contact soft tissue injuries in elite professional soccer players: Influence on degree of injury and recovery time. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-221"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4081-6","article-title":"Genetic biomarkers in non-contact muscle injuries in elite soccer players","volume":"25","author":"Pruna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37285","article-title":"Identification of specific injury-related SNPs in high-level athletes of Arab origin: A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Varamenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00115.2020","article-title":"eQTL variants in COL22A1 are associated with muscle injury in athletes","volume":"52","author":"Kumagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2013.09.026","article-title":"The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on patterns of non-contact musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries in a football player population according to ethnicity","volume":"144","author":"Pruna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maestro, A., Del Coso, J., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Guti\u00e9rrez-Hell\u00edn, J., Morencos, E., Revuelta, G., Casares, E.R., Perucho, T., and Perucho, D. (2022). Genetic profile in genes associated with muscle injuries and injury etiology in professional soccer players. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1035899"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Genome-wide association study on muscle stiffness identified novel locus for predisposition to muscle strain injury","volume":"57","author":"Zempo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1945-8982","article-title":"Association of the CKM rs8111989 polymorphism with injury epidemiology in football players","volume":"44","author":"Morencos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0033-9","article-title":"Influence of the MCT1 rs1049434 on indirect muscle disorders\/injuries in elite football players","volume":"1","author":"Massidda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001750","article-title":"ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism is associated with muscle injury and muscle stiffness","volume":"51","author":"Kumagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2364","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and musculoskeletal injuries in professional football players","volume":"9","author":"Massidda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabdulkayum, A., Amangeldikyzy, S., Khassanova, S., Yerezhepov, A., Akilzhanov, K., Kozhamkulov, U., Rakhimova, S., Kairov, U., Yerezhepov, D., and Akilzhanova, A. (2025). The association of VDR gene polymorphisms with serum vitamin D levels and injury predisposition in elite athletes of Kazakhstan. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05976-y"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14077","article-title":"The genetic association with injury risk in male academy soccer players depends on maturity status","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3411-1","article-title":"Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: Implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing","volume":"116","author":"Baumert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00145.2017","article-title":"Variations of collagen-encoding genes are associated with exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"50","author":"Baumert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31802d8874","article-title":"ACTN3: A genetic influence on muscle function and athletic performance","volume":"35","author":"MacArthur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/7675","article-title":"A common nonsense mutation results in \u03b1-actinin-3 deficiency in the general population","volume":"21","author":"North","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.07.009","article-title":"\u03b1-Actinin-3 deficiency is associated with reduced bone mass in human and mouse","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, C., and Kiely, J. (2017). ACTN3: More than just a gene for speed. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01080"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tharabenjasin, P., Pabalan, N., and Jarjanazi, H. (2019). Association of the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism with elite power sports: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217390"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051540","article-title":"The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in Russian endurance athletes","volume":"44","author":"Ahmetov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.07.003","article-title":"Association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and risk of non-contact injury in trained athletes: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Zouhal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12994","article-title":"Association analysis of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with passive muscle stiffness and muscle strain injury","volume":"28","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Hell\u00edn, J., Baltazar-Martins, G., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Oliv\u00e1n, J., and Del Coso, J. (2021). Effect of ACTN3 R577X genotype on injury epidemiology in elite endurance runners. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12010076"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwao-Koizumi, K., Ota, T., Hayashida, M., Yonetani, Y., Nakata, K., Kinoshita, K., Koyanagi, Y., and Murata, S. (2014). The ACTN3 gene is a potential biomarker for the risk of non-contact sports injury in female athletes. J. Mol. Biomark. Diagn., S6.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9929.S6-002"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Influence of the COL5A1 rs12722 on musculoskeletal injuries in professional soccer players","volume":"55","author":"Massidda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.03453","article-title":"Collagens at a glance","volume":"120","author":"Kadler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-343","article-title":"Effect of gene polymorphisms on the mechanical properties of human tendon structures","volume":"2","author":"Kubo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0161-0","article-title":"Association of COL5A1 gene polymorphisms and risk of tendon-ligament injuries among Caucasians: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Pabalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3118","article-title":"Transcriptional mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle differentiation, growth and homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Braun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2045","article-title":"Pro-insulin-like growth factor-II ameliorates age-related inefficient regenerative response by orchestrating self-reinforcement mechanism of muscle regeneration","volume":"33","author":"Uezumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<347::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Association of IGF-I and IGF-II with myofiber regeneration in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Keller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02202-9","article-title":"Association between the c.34C>T (rs17602729) polymorphism of the AMPD1 gene and the status of endurance and power athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Kartibou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00165.2002","article-title":"Associations between cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and the C34T AMPD1 gene polymorphism in the HERITAGE family study","volume":"14","author":"Rankinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginevi\u010dien\u0117, V., Jakaitien\u0117, A., Pranculis, A., Mila\u0161ius, K., Tubelis, L., and Utkus, A. (2014). AMPD1 rs17602729 is associated with physical performance of sprint and power in elite Lithuanian athletes. BMC Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-15-58"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varillas-Delgado, D. (2024). Association of genetic profile with muscle mass gain and muscle injury prevention in professional football players after creatine supplementation. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152511"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, E.E., Pasiakos, S.M., Blesso, C.N., Fussell, M.A., and Rodriguez, N.R. (2020). Divergent roles of inflammation in skeletal muscle recovery from injury. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00087"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12338","article-title":"Interleukin-6 myokine signaling in skeletal muscle: A double-edged sword?","volume":"280","author":"Scheele","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2629","article-title":"The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis","volume":"102","author":"Fishman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0728-4","article-title":"IL6 (-174) and TNFA (-308) promoter polymorphisms are associated with systemic creatine kinase response to eccentric exercise","volume":"104","author":"Yamin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2003","article-title":"Na+-K+ pump regulation and skeletal muscle contractility","volume":"83","author":"Clausen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.216","article-title":"Old, new and emerging functions of caspases","volume":"22","author":"Shalini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24504","article-title":"The apoptosis pathway and CASP8 variants conferring risk for acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries","volume":"38","author":"Seale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Zhang, Y., and Shi, L. (2024). Advances in exercise-induced vascular adaptation: Mechanisms, models, and methods. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1370234"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, J., Saraf, F., Rathore, V.S., Darkazanli, K., Liu, Y., Korivi, M., and Bhaskar, L.V.K.S. (2025). Importance of selected genetic determinants on endurance performance and physical strength: A narrative review. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1568334"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2165\/11588720-000000000-00000","article-title":"The ACE gene and human performance: 12 years on","volume":"41","author":"Puthucheary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114844","article-title":"An insertion\/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels","volume":"86","author":"Rigat","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.6.1387","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart: Effect of the deletion\/insertion polymorphism","volume":"92","author":"Danser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00867.2007","article-title":"ACE ID genotype affects blood creatine kinase response to eccentric exercise","volume":"103","author":"Yamin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20886","article-title":"Structure-function relations of the giant elastic protein titin in striated and smooth muscle cells","volume":"36","author":"Granzier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121234","article-title":"Titin gene and protein functions in passive and active muscle","volume":"80","author":"Linke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31824580c6","article-title":"What is the role of titin in active muscle?","volume":"40","author":"Monroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo\u0144ska-Duniec, A., Borczyk, M., Piechota, M., Korosty\u0144ski, M., Brodkiewicz, A., and Ci\u0119szczyk, P. (2022). TTN variants are associated with physical performance and provide potential markers for sport-related phenotypes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610173"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/191847","article-title":"Impact of the TTN C>T polymorphism on selected variables of aerobic and anaerobic capacity after a 12-week training program","volume":"94","author":"Maculewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab328","article-title":"Titin (TTN): From molecule to modifications, mechanics, and medical significance","volume":"118","author":"Loescher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12927","article-title":"TTN genotype is associated with fascicle length and marathon running performance","volume":"28","author":"Stebbings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01295.2009","article-title":"Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans","volume":"108","author":"Timmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-\u03b2 superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J., Park, S., Kim, Y., Jung, J., Lee, J., Chang, Y., Lee, S.P., Park, B.C., Wolfe, R.R., and Choi, C.S. (2021). Myostatin inhibition-induced increase in muscle mass and strength was amplified by resistance exercise training, and dietary essential amino acids improved muscle quality in mice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051508"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Park, K., and Lee, J. (2020). Myostatin A55T genotype is associated with strength recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134900"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruszewski, M., and Aksenov, M.O. (2022). Association of myostatin gene polymorphisms with strength and muscle mass in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the MSTN rs1805086 mutation. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112055"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo\u0144ska-Duniec, A., Borczyk, M., Korosty\u0144ski, M., Massidda, M., Maculewicz, E., and Ci\u0119szczyk, P. (2023). Genetic variants in myostatin and its receptors promote elite athlete status. BMC Genom., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09869-2"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.865252","article-title":"The A55T and K153R polymorphisms of MSTN gene are associated with the strength training-induced muscle hypertrophy among Han Chinese men","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531465","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/531465","article-title":"Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and stress-induced malignant hyperthermia events, association with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, and RYR1 gene sequence variations","volume":"2013","author":"Carsana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23211","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401189R","article-title":"Compound heterozygous RYR1-RM mouse model reveals disease pathomechanisms and muscle adaptations to promote postnatal survival","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.22.2581","article-title":"Familial and sporadic forms of central core disease are associated with mutations in the C-terminal domain of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor","volume":"10","author":"Monnier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10098","article-title":"RYR1 mutations causing central core disease are associated with more severe malignant hyperthermia in vitro contracture test phenotypes","volume":"20","author":"Robinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249686","article-title":"The rs1800629 polymorphism in the TNF gene interacts with physical activity on the changes in C-reactive protein levels in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study","volume":"118","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9515-1","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1, IL6, and IL10 polymorphisms and the effect of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters and physical performance in elderly women","volume":"35","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Verdejo, R., Marcinko, K., Loza-Reyes, E., Leiva, M., and Nogueira, L. (2023). PGC-1\u03b1, inflammation, and oxidative stress: An integrative view in metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raleigh, S.M., and Orchard, K.J.A. (2024). Sarcopenia as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15050561"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00052.2006","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1: A key regulator of energy metabolism","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varillas-Delgado, D. (2024). Role of the PPARGC1A gene and its rs8192678 polymorphism on sport performance, aerobic capacity, muscle adaptation and metabolic diseases: A narrative review. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15121631"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2195737","article-title":"The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with elite long-distance running performance","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petr, M., Maciejewska-Skrendo, A., Zajac, A., Chycki, J., and Stastny, P. (2020). Association of elite sports status with gene variants of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and their transcriptional coactivator. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010162"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0174","article-title":"Genotype scores in energy and iron-metabolising genes are higher in elite endurance athletes than in non-athlete controls","volume":"45","author":"Orriols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"54","article-title":"The world of top sports people\u2014The review of genetic, epigenetic and psychological factors underlying athletic achievements in terms of neural transmission","volume":"34","author":"Lachowiacz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Kinesiol. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.21.12020-1","article-title":"Genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries of elite athletes: Review and future perspectives","volume":"62","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00368504251385937","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251385937","article-title":"The role of genetic and epigenetic factors in sports-related muscle, bone, and brain injuries","volume":"108","author":"Marrouh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21059","article-title":"Mutations and polymorphisms of the skeletal muscle alpha-actin gene (ACTA1)","volume":"30","author":"Laing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.01.001","article-title":"ANO5-related muscle diseases: From clinics and genetics to pathology and research strategies","volume":"9","author":"Christiansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1995.1259","article-title":"Characterization of cDNA and genomic DNA encoding SERCA1, the Ca2+-ATPase of human fast-twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, and its elimination as a candidate gene for Brody disease","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20596","article-title":"Developmental regulation of biglycan expression in muscle and tendon","volume":"34","author":"Lechner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02368-3","article-title":"Skeletal muscle CaV1.1 channelopathies","volume":"472","author":"Flucher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000097320.35982.03","article-title":"A CAV3 microdeletion differentially affects skeletal muscle and myocardium","volume":"61","author":"Cagliani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.10063","article-title":"Myotonia caused by mutations in the muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1","volume":"19","author":"Pusch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flore, L., Francalacci, P., Massidda, M., Robledo, R., and Cal\u00f2, C.M. (2023). Influence of different evolutive forces on GDF5 gene variability. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0079.v1"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh033","article-title":"Desmin myopathy","volume":"127","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00585-4","article-title":"Dystrophin and mutations: One gene, several proteins, multiple phenotypes","volume":"2","author":"Muntoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-045031-5.00007-4","article-title":"Dysferlinopathies","volume":"101","author":"Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iyad189","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyad189","article-title":"Genetic models of fibrillinopathies","volume":"226","author":"Summers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.383","article-title":"Deletion of fibroblast growth factor 9 globally and in skeletal muscle results in enlarged tuberosities at sites of deltoid tendon attachments","volume":"250","author":"Leek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.041","article-title":"Fibromodulin modulates myoblast differentiation by controlling calcium channel","volume":"503","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221138525","article-title":"Fibromodulin, a multifunctional matricellular modulator","volume":"102","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-1372","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15258.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the role of FOXO3","volume":"7","author":"Stefanetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113668","article-title":"Perlecan (HSPG2) promotes structural, contractile, and metabolic development of human cardiomyocytes","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12253","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy","volume":"280","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9433-2","article-title":"Characterization of 11 new cases of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 with seven novel mutations in the ITGB2 gene","volume":"30","author":"Parvaneh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignatieva, E.V., Ivanova, O.A., Komarova, M.Y., Khromova, N.V., Polev, D.E., Kostareva, A.A., Sergushichev, A., and Dmitrieva, R.I. (2020). LMNA mutations G232E and R482L cause dysregulation of skeletal muscle differentiation, bioenergetics, and metabolic gene expression profile. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091057"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-019-09519-9","article-title":"Nemaline myopathies: A current view","volume":"40","author":"Sewry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.08.003","article-title":"X-linked myotubular myopathy","volume":"31","author":"Lawlor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.12.1.417","article-title":"The mammalian myosin heavy chain gene family","volume":"12","author":"Weiss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22678","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54623-8","article-title":"A MyoD1-independent muscle-specific enhancer controls the expression of the \u03b2-myosin heavy chain gene in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells","volume":"266","author":"Thompson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5719","article-title":"Human bHLH transcription factor gene myogenin (MYOG): Genomic sequence and negative mutation analysis in patients with severe congenital myopathies","volume":"57","author":"Tseng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0629-2","article-title":"The myogenic transcriptional network","volume":"68","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.04.087","article-title":"The expression and function of PAX3 in development and disease","volume":"666","author":"Boudjadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"593","article-title":"PAX3-FOXO1 escapes miR-495 regulation during muscle differentiation","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13094","article-title":"Engineered skeletal muscle recapitulates human muscle development, regeneration and dystrophy","volume":"13","author":"Shahriyari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinelato, V., Bonato, L.L., Vieira, A.R., Granjeiro, J.M., Menezes, K., Borojevic, R., Casado, P.L., Calasans-Maia, J.A., and Tesch, R. (2021). PAX7 gene polymorphism in muscular temporomandibular disorders as potentially related to muscle stem cells. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04846-w"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0461-x","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle sodium channelopathies","volume":"26","author":"Vicart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.07.001","article-title":"Extraocular muscle hypertrophy in myotonia congenita: Mutation identified in the SCN4A gene (V445M)","volume":"13","author":"Wakeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-045031-5.00003-7","article-title":"Sarcoglycanopathies","volume":"101","author":"Kirschner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01091.2007","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and myostatin signaling in skeletal muscle","volume":"104","author":"Kollias","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12266","article-title":"Modifying muscular dystrophy through transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"280","author":"Ceco","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"264","article-title":"An emerging complexity of receptors for transforming growth factor-beta","volume":"24","author":"Derynck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Princess Takamatsu Symp."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-85766-4_12","article-title":"Tropomyosins in skeletal muscle diseases","volume":"644","author":"Kee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2023.12.006","article-title":"Variants in tropomyosins TPM2 and TPM3 causing muscle hypertonia","volume":"35","author":"Jokela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21629","article-title":"Sarcomeric TPM3 expression in human heart and skeletal muscle","volume":"77","author":"Dube","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0291","article-title":"A type 2 deiodinase-dependent increase in Vegfa mediates myoblast\u2013endothelial cell crosstalk during skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"31","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borzemska, B., Ci\u0119szczyk, P., and \u017bekanowski, C. (2024). The genetic basis of non-contact soft tissue injuries\u2014Are there practical applications of genetic knowledge?. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221828"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leo\u0144ska-Duniec, A. (2024). Comprehensive genetic analysis of associations between obesity-related parameters and physical activity: A scoping review. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15091137"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranckeviciene, E., Ginevi\u010dien\u0117, V., Jakaitien\u0117, A., Januska, L., and Utkus, A. (2021). Total genotype score modelling of polygenic endurance-power profiles in Lithuanian elite athletes. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071067"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-019-0091-6","article-title":"A next-generation sequencing method for gene doping detection that distinguishes low levels of plasmid DNA against a background of genomic DNA","volume":"26","author":"Johansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2021.07.004","article-title":"Advances in sports genomics","volume":"107","author":"Ahmetov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04945-z","article-title":"Genetics and sports performance: The present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing","volume":"122","author":"Maestro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.173492","article-title":"What do you mean, \u201cepigenetic\u201d?","volume":"199","author":"Deans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01070-4","article-title":"Physical exercise and epigenetic modifications in skeletal muscle","volume":"49","author":"Widmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurent, M., Geoffroy, M., Pavani, G., and Guiraud, S. (2024). CRISPR-Based Gene Therapies: From Preclinical to Clinical Treatments. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13100800"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2023.059","article-title":"Advances in CRISPR\/Cas9 genome editing for the treatment of muscular dystrophies","volume":"34","author":"Fatehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1791803","article-title":"The Role of CRISPR\/Cas9 in Revolutionizing Duchenne\u2019s Muscular Dystrophy Treatment: Opportunities and Obstacles","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"640","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9: A Preclinical and Clinical Perspective for the Treatment of Human Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104518","article-title":"Gene-environment interaction in psychological traits and disorders","volume":"7","author":"Dick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:20:04Z","timestamp":1763551204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/22\/11175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262211175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262211175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}