{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:16:07Z","timestamp":1792502167855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":277,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Rus-sian Federation","award":["075-15-2024-629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2024-629"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), formed as a result of plastic product degradation, pose a global environmental threat by penetrating biological systems and inducing systemic pathological changes. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, aims to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the toxic effects of MPs and NPs on the human cardiovascular, nervous, reproductive, urinary, and digestive systems. The primary mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and impaired barrier functions. In the cardiovascular system, MPs and NPs contribute to endothelial dysfunction, disorders of lipid metabolism, and fibrosis; in the nervous system, they promote neuroinflammation, pathological protein aggregation, and psychiatric disorders; in the reproductive system, they lead to hormonal imbalance and reduced fertility; in the kidneys, they cause inflammation, and fibrosis and lead to deterioration of kidney function; and in the gastrointestinal tract, they contribute to dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases without limitations on date, language, or access. Studies were selected based on criteria of transparency, statistical validity, sample representativeness, and correctness of data interpretation. The review emphasizes the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to developing prevention and treatment strategies, including reduction in exposure, antioxidant and immunomodulatory therapy, and restoration of barrier functions and microbiota. The data obtained reveal research gaps and identify directions for further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:03:15Z","timestamp":1763564595000},"page":"11194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Molecular and Cellular Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular, Nervous, Urinary, Digestive, and Reproductive System Diseases: A Global Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0952-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilii","family":"Chulkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Therapy, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Derzhavina St. 6, Veliky Novgorod 173020, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitkhat","family":"Gasanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Therapy, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Derzhavina St. 6, Veliky Novgorod 173020, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Isakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microplastics Research Center, Chemical Engineering Institute, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod 173003, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4663-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Denisenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Therapy, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Derzhavina St. 6, Veliky Novgorod 173020, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chizaram","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Living Systems, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Rodkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Living Systems, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11070","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11070","article-title":"Beyond Surface: Unveiling Ecological and Economic Ramifications of Microplastic Pollution in the Oceans","volume":"96","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Environ. 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