{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:06:23Z","timestamp":1787652383608,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":289,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disturbances and liver diseases have a bidirectional relationship. Unhealthy sleep habits promote liver diseases, such as steatotic liver disease, and impact the prognosis, promoting progression to liver cirrhosis and liver-related mortality. Sleep accounts for 20% of the association between lifestyle and steatotic liver disease, indirectly by promoting obesity and metabolic syndrome and through direct effects in the liver. Conversely, liver diseases can affect sleep. Patients with liver cirrhosis complain of sleep disturbances five times more than the general population, with a profound impact on their quality of life. Common drugs used to treat sleep disorders, such as hypnotics and benzodiazepines, must be used very carefully in patients with cirrhosis due to altered hepatic metabolism and the potential to induce hepatic encephalopathy, making sleep disorders particularly challenging to manage in these patients. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the interplay between sleep and liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T09:02:07Z","timestamp":1763974927000},"page":"11322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Beauty Sleep to Keep a Healthy Liver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7769-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Verdelho","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universit\u00e1ria de Gastrenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Oncologia Digestiva, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Champalimaud, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Gastrenterologia, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, 2600-009 Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2020.02.017","article-title":"Sleep, health, and society","volume":"15","author":"Grandner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6857280","article-title":"Physiological correlates of prolonged sleep deprivation in rats","volume":"221","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.03.001","article-title":"Sleep, health, and society","volume":"17","author":"Grandner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","article-title":"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: Highlights and modifications","volume":"146","author":"Sateia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.07.001","article-title":"Sleep education in medical school curriculum: A glimpse across countries","volume":"12","author":"Mindell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7110a6","article-title":"Quickstats: Percentage of adults aged \u226518 years who sleep <7 hours on average in a 24-hour period, by sex and age group\u2014National health interview survey, united states, 2020","volume":"71","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden","volume":"17","author":"Morin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00043-5","article-title":"Low rates of recognition of sleep disorders in primary care: Comparison of a community-based versus clinical academic setting","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaeffer, S., Bogdanovic, A., Hildebrandt, T., Flint, E., Geng, A., Pecenko, S., Lussier, P., Strumberger, M.A., Meyer, M., and Weber, J. (2024). Significant nocturnal wakefulness after sleep onset in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front. Netw. Physiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2024.1458665"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2024.08.002","article-title":"Associations between sleep disorders and clinical outcomes of patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"69","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181b314ea","article-title":"A review of sleep disturbance in hepatitis C","volume":"44","author":"Sockalingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32378","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance: Palliative care and symptom-based management in decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"76","author":"Rogal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04284","article-title":"Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms","volume":"437","author":"Saper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"195","article-title":"A two process model of sleep regulation","volume":"1","author":"Borbely","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12371","article-title":"The two-process model of sleep regulation: A reappraisal","volume":"25","author":"Borbely","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2023.02.005","article-title":"Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene","volume":"77","author":"Baranwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26555","article-title":"Sleep-wake abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"59","author":"Montagnese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13598","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13598","article-title":"The two-process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook","volume":"31","author":"Borbely","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244294","article-title":"Circadian deregulation: Back facing the sun toward metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) development","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.03.001","article-title":"Circadian neurobiology and the physiologic regulation of sleep and wakefulness","volume":"37","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"R501","article-title":"Dynamics of the sleep EEG after an early evening nap: Experimental data and simulations","volume":"271","author":"Werth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(02)00155-9","article-title":"Adenosine kinase and 5\u2032-nucleotidase activity after prolonged wakefulness in the cortex and the basal forebrain of rat","volume":"42","author":"Alanko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.02.024","article-title":"Sleep homeostasis: A role for adenosine in humans?","volume":"75","author":"Landolt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.02.012","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of adenosine and its receptors in sleep regulation","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00258-8","article-title":"Adenosinergic modulation of basal forebrain and preoptic\/anterior hypothalamic neuronal activity in the control of behavioral state","volume":"115","author":"Strecker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.044","article-title":"A1 receptor mediated adenosinergic regulation of perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area neurons in freely behaving rats","volume":"167","author":"Rai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19992","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810926105","article-title":"Adenosine in the tuberomammillary nucleus inhibits the histaminergic system via a1 receptors and promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep","volume":"105","author":"Oishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R31","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00402.2012","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptors regulate the activity of sleep regulatory gabaergic neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus","volume":"305","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.01.020","article-title":"Extracellular adenosine and slow-wave sleep are increased after ablation of nucleus accumbens core astrocytes and neurons in mice","volume":"124","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarus, M., Oishi, Y., Bjorness, T.E., and Greene, R.W. (2019). Gating and the need for sleep: Dissociable effects of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00740"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.07.019","article-title":"Alcohol disrupts sleep homeostasis","volume":"48","author":"Thakkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakhiani, R., Shanavas, S., and Melnattur, K. (2023). Comparative biology of sleep in diverse animals. J. Exp. Biol., 226.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245677"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00899-y","article-title":"Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Fagiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02004495","article-title":"Internal interactions within the human circadian system: The masking effect","volume":"41","author":"Wever","year":"1985","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R271","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl207","article-title":"Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock","volume":"15","author":"Ko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5369.1564","article-title":"Role of the clock protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism","volume":"280","author":"Gekakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226339","article-title":"Transcriptional architecture and chromatin landscape of the core circadian clock in mammals","volume":"338","author":"Koike","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01465-13","article-title":"Clock-controlled polyphonic regulation of circadian rhythms through canonical and noncanonical e-boxes","volume":"34","author":"Yoshitane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.150","article-title":"Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock","volume":"18","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00380-4","article-title":"Nonredundant roles of the mper1 and mper2 genes in the mammalian circadian clock","volume":"105","author":"Zheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81014-4","article-title":"Mcry1 and mcry2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop","volume":"98","author":"Kume","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405277232","article-title":"Differential control of bmal1 circadian transcription by rev-erb and ror nuclear receptors","volume":"20","author":"Guillaumond","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshitane, H., Asano, Y., Sagami, A., Sakai, S., Suzuki, Y., Okamura, H., Iwasaki, W., Ozaki, H., and Fukada, Y. (2019). Functional d-box sequences reset the circadian clock and drive mrna rhythms. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0522-3"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01123","article-title":"Dec1 and dec2 are regulators of the mammalian molecular clock","volume":"419","author":"Honma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10691","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10691.2003","article-title":"Critical role of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms","volume":"23","author":"Chou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehlen, J.C., Brager, A.J., Baggs, J., Pinckney, L., Gray, C.L., DeBruyne, J.P., Esser, K.A., Takahashi, J.S., and Paul, K.N. (2017). Bmal1 function in skeletal muscle regulates sleep. Elife, 6.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26557"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114500","article-title":"Bdnf-trkb signaling orchestrates the buildup process of local sleep","volume":"43","author":"ElGrawani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13603","article-title":"The effect of acute exercise on blood concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Dinoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101096","article-title":"The role of exercise-induced peripheral factors in sleep regulation","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(12)70106-6","article-title":"Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"R168","article-title":"Cafeteria diet-induced sleep is blocked by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats","volume":"274","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(87)80026-0","article-title":"Cafeteria diet promotes sleep in rats","volume":"8","author":"Danguir","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(71)80002-X","article-title":"Effects of food deprivation on sleep and wakefulness in the rat","volume":"30","author":"Jacobs","year":"1971","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052166","article-title":"Vagus nerve mediated liver-brain-axis is a major regulator of the metabolic landscape in the liver","volume":"26","author":"Brito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn2786","article-title":"Hepatic vagal afferents convey clock-dependent signals to regulate circadian food intake","volume":"386","author":"Woodie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.10.010","article-title":"Sleep is increased in mice with obesity induced by high-fat food","volume":"87","author":"Jenkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.10.014","article-title":"Waking and sleeping in the rat made obese through a high-fat hypercaloric diet","volume":"258","author":"Luppi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115412","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced dopaminergic dysregulation induces rem sleep fragmentation and adhd-like behaviors","volume":"327","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110677","article-title":"Adaptation of sleep to daylight saving time is slower in people consuming a high-fat diet","volume":"27","author":"McHill","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1624373","article-title":"Melatonin research in mice: A review","volume":"36","author":"Kennaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadm8203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adm8203","article-title":"Sleep need-dependent plasticity of a thalamic circuit promotes homeostatic recovery sleep","volume":"388","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00024-0","article-title":"Alcohol and the sleeping brain","volume":"125","author":"Colrain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70011-X","article-title":"Measuring sleep quality","volume":"9","author":"Krystal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24741","article-title":"Induced hyperammonemia may compromise the ability to generate restful sleep in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Bersagliere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.01.004","article-title":"The impact of chronic hepatitis c infection on the circadian clock and sleep","volume":"60","author":"Shouval","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1642","article-title":"The consensus sleep diary: Standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Carney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-018-0390-1","article-title":"Assessment and management of sleep disturbance in cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Formentin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hepatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.06.006","article-title":"Sleep-wake patterns in patients with cirrhosis: All you need to know on a single sheet. A simple sleep questionnaire for clinical use","volume":"51","author":"Montagnese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001947","article-title":"Wearable sleep technology in clinical and research settings","volume":"51","author":"Cellini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.02.007","article-title":"Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD","volume":"35","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318813","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases in the USA in the past three decades","volume":"69","author":"Younossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0088-6","article-title":"Nash leading cause of liver transplant in women: Updated analysis of indications for liver transplant and ethnic and gender variances","volume":"113","author":"Noureddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322786","article-title":"Mortality in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Results from a nationwide cohort","volume":"70","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.020","article-title":"Update on nafld genetics: From new variants to the clinic","volume":"72","author":"Trepo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, M.V. (2023). MASLD treatment-a shift in the paradigm is imminent. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1316284"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00339-6","article-title":"Associations of traditional healthy lifestyle and sleep quality with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Two population-based studies","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernsmeier, C., Weisskopf, D.M., Pflueger, M.O., Mosimann, J., Campana, B., Terracciano, L., Beglinger, C., Heim, M.H., and Cajochen, C. (2015). Sleep disruption and daytime sleepiness correlating with disease severity and insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A comparison with healthy controls. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143293"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020322","article-title":"Association between sleep disturbances and liver status in obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comparison with healthy controls","volume":"11","author":"Abete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S480186","article-title":"Impact of sleep fragmentation and arousal on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1625-7","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.04.022","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia is a major trigger for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbid obese","volume":"56","author":"Minville","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.14744\/hf.2023.2023.0034","article-title":"Chronotype preference, sleep quality, and night-eating behaviors in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Assessing the relationship with disease severity and fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Kani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol. Forum"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_140_17","article-title":"Insomnia and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.035","article-title":"Sleep duration and quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged workers and their spouses","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.06.004","article-title":"Association of sleep disorders with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld): A population-based study","volume":"3","author":"Mir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Yuan, H., Zhao, X., Zhao, R., Shi, T., Wu, S., Xu, Y., and Suo, C. (2022). Investigating the association between seven sleep traits and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Observational and mendelian randomization study. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.792558"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13896","article-title":"Association between bedtime and the prevalence of newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Zhang, X., Cai, Y., Dong, H., and Zhang, Y. (2025). Multidimensional sleep impairment predicts steatotic liver disease spectrum risk. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95336-9"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e039947","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039947","article-title":"Effects of sleep quality on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"10","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2025.2478169","article-title":"Sleep duration, midpoint, variability, irregularity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00417","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000417","article-title":"Sleep duration, sleep quality, and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Um","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarean, E., Looha, M.A., Amini, P., Ahmadi, A., and Dugue, P.A. (2023). Sleep characteristics of middle-aged adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Findings from the shahrekord persian cohort study. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15251-4"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03017-0","article-title":"Sleep factors were associated with a higher risk of mafld and significant fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Ji, J., Zuo, L., Hu, Y., Wang, K., Xu, T., Wang, Q., and Cheng, F. (2023). Causal relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and different sleep traits: A bidirectional mendelian randomized study. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1159258"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y.T., Lee, P.Y., Lin, C.Y., Chen, H.J., Lin, C.C., Wu, J.S., Chang, Y.F., Wu, C.L., and Guo, H.R. (2020). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with sleep disorders: A nationwide study of Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-1178-7"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10665-7","article-title":"Sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and risk of cirrhosis among individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5844","article-title":"Association of short sleep duration with obesity, diabetes, fatty liver and behavioral factors in japanese men","volume":"50","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0989-0","article-title":"Short sleep duration reduces the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease onset in men: A community-based longitudinal cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1193787","article-title":"Nighttime sleep duration and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The dongfeng-tongji prospective study","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12489","article-title":"Short sleep duration and longer daytime napping are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.281.alc","article-title":"Short sleep duration is a risk of incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A population-based longitudinal study","volume":"28","author":"Okamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.3119-23","article-title":"Association between sleep duration and a new onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Imaizumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2025.101628","article-title":"Association of daily sleep duration with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and adverse liver outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2018.05.002","article-title":"The association of sleep duration and sleep quality with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a Taiwanese population","volume":"12","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.12.001","article-title":"U-shaped association of sleep duration with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes: The fukuoka diabetes registry","volume":"63","author":"Ohkuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2073","article-title":"Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"38","author":"Shan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01824-4","article-title":"Dose-response association between sleep duration and obesity risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Jin, X., Shan, Z., Li, S., Huang, H., Li, P., Peng, X., Peng, Z., Yu, K., and Bao, W. (2017). Relationship of sleep duration with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 6.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005947"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14926","article-title":"Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction","volume":"1519","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216951110","article-title":"Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain","volume":"110","author":"Markwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.02.002","article-title":"Effects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in healthy adults: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21321","article-title":"Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction","volume":"24","author":"Broussard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1978","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour profiles of acylated and total ghrelin: Relationship with glucose levels and impact of time of day and sleep","volume":"96","author":"Spiegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1003","article-title":"Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: Relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin","volume":"89","author":"Spiegel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00662.x","article-title":"A single night of sleep deprivation increases ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger in normal-weight healthy men","volume":"17","author":"Schmid","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0250-18.2018","article-title":"Sleep deprivation selectively upregulates an amygdala-hypothalamic circuit involved in food reward","volume":"39","author":"Rihm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3259","article-title":"The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain","volume":"4","author":"Greer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E443","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2759","article-title":"Acute sleep deprivation enhances the brain\u2019s response to hedonic food stimuli: An fmri study","volume":"97","author":"Benedict","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E68","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00543.2004","article-title":"Chronic rem-sleep deprivation of rats elevates metabolic rate and increases ucp1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue","volume":"289","author":"Koban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar8590","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar8590","article-title":"Acute sleep loss results in tissue-specific alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation state and metabolic fuel utilization in humans","volume":"4","author":"Cedernaes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02466.x","article-title":"Associations between liver histology and cortisol secretion in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","author":"Targher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.09.006","article-title":"Sleep patterns, diet quality and energy balance","volume":"134","author":"Chaput","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034219","article-title":"Sleep deprivation potentiates hpa axis stress reactivity in healthy adults","volume":"33","author":"Minkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2022.100690","article-title":"Weekend catch-up sleep is associated with the alleviation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, H.J., Baek, S.H., Chu, M.K., Yang, K.I., Kim, W.J., Park, S.H., Thomas, R.J., and Yun, C.H. (2017). Association between weekend catch-up sleep and lower body mass: Population-based study. Sleep, 40.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx089"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.02.009","article-title":"Association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults","volume":"14","author":"Hwangbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-023-02826-z","article-title":"Evaluation of weekend catch-up sleep and weekday sleep duration in relation to metabolic syndrome in Korean adults","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S468444","article-title":"Excessive daytime napping increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis and a mendelian randomization study","volume":"16","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac428","article-title":"Sleep factors in relation to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in middle-aged and elderly Chinese","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5246","article-title":"Daytime napping and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.08.009","article-title":"Association of napping and all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular diseases: A dose-response meta analysis of cohort studies","volume":"74","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Xiang, X., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Cao, Y., Guo, W., Hou, L., and Jiang, Q. (2024). Association between self-reported napping and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311266"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., and Liu, Y. (2023). The relationship between daytime napping and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37883-7"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.01.018","article-title":"The association between daytime napping and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3322","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3322","article-title":"Association of bedtime with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults with pre-diabetes and diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.108116","article-title":"Combined effects of sleep timing and nighttime sleep duration on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"187","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2024.101583","article-title":"Association of sleep patterns and disorders with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and liver fibrosis in contemporary american adults","volume":"30","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S290465","article-title":"Circadian misalignment rather than sleep duration is associated with mafld: A population-based propensity score-matched study","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.741171","article-title":"Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Merikanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3754","article-title":"Evening chronotype is associated with metabolic disorders and body composition in middle-aged adults","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1176927","article-title":"Chronotype, gender and general health","volume":"33","author":"Fabbian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.100","article-title":"Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and bmi","volume":"19","author":"Baron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979","article-title":"Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time","volume":"23","author":"Wittmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02018-z","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and liver injury in severely obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.05.123","article-title":"Rem sleep deprivation of rats induces acute phase response in liver","volume":"410","author":"Pandey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108750","article-title":"Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian clock mutant mice","volume":"308","author":"Turek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26992","article-title":"Clock\/bmal1 regulates circadian change of mouse hepatic insulin sensitivity by sirt1","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00312-3","article-title":"Joint association of sleep quality and physical activity with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A population-based cross-sectional study in western China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, G., Jia, M., and Li, C. (2024). The moderating effect of dietary fiber intake on the association between sleep pattern and liver fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A study from nhanes. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03538-8"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12020","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with the presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Musso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0243OC","article-title":"Visceral white adipose tissue after chronic intermittent and sustained hypoxia in mice","volume":"56","author":"Gozal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-0981-4","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with fatty liver and abnormal liver enzymes: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Sookoian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12718","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12718","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in pediatric patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01378-2","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with obesity: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Hany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Gao, Q., He, S., Bao, Y., Sun, H., Meng, L., Liang, J., Sun, C., Chen, S., and Cao, L. (2020). Self-reported snoring is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66208-1"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, H., Lv, F., Zhang, P., Liu, J., and Mao, J. (2023). The impact of obstructive sleep apnea on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1254459"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the american heart association","volume":"144","author":"Yeghiazarians","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S524675","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Epidemiological cross-sectional study and mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaucher, J., Vial, G., Montellier, E., Guellerin, M., Bouyon, S., Lemarie, E., Pelloux, V., Bertrand, A., Pernet-Gallay, K., and Lamarche, F. (2022). Intermittent hypoxia rewires the liver transcriptome and fires up fatty acids usage for mitochondrial respiration. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.829979"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2004.07.003","article-title":"The relationship between serum cytokine levels with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Ciftci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675320","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/675320","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in middle-aged obese subjects: Does obstructive sleep apnea syndrome play a role?","volume":"2010","author":"Steiropoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21593","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia predisposes to liver injury","volume":"45","author":"Savransky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.D., Huang, Z.W., Huang, Y.Z., Huang, J.F., Zhang, Z.P., and Lin, X.J. (2021). Untargeted metabolomic profiling of liver in a chronic intermittent hypoxia mouse model. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.701035"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24400","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2\u03b1 promotes steatohepatitis through augmenting lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Qu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12633","article-title":"Microrna-122 regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vimentin in hepatocytes and correlates with fibrosis in diet-induced steatohepatitis","volume":"35","author":"Csak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0492OC","article-title":"Hepatocyte hif-1 and intermittent hypoxia independently impact liver fibrosis in murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Mesarwi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudo, J., Hirono, H., and Ohkoshi, S. (2025). Low-frequency, mild-gradient chronic intermittent hypoxia still induces liver fibrogenesis in mice on a high-fat diet. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 761.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151744"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh261","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance: The sleep heart health study","volume":"160","author":"Punjabi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciriello, J., Moreau, J.M., Caverson, M.M., and Moranis, R. (2021). Leptin: A potential link between obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.767318"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00126-2","article-title":"Chronic-intermittent hypoxia: A model of sympathetic activation in the rat","volume":"121","author":"Sica","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minami, T., Tachikawa, R., Matsumoto, T., Murase, K., Tanizawa, K., Inouchi, M., Handa, T., Oga, T., Hirai, T., and Chin, K. (2019). Adrenal gland size in obstructive sleep apnea: Morphological assessment of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222592"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1656","article-title":"Hypoxia inhibits cavin-1 and cavin-2 expression and down-regulates caveolae in adipocytes","volume":"156","author":"Regazzetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, A.M., Thomas, A., Crinion, S.J., Kent, B.D., Tambuwala, M.M., Fabre, A., Pepin, J.L., Roche, H.M., Arnaud, C., and Ryan, S. (2017). Intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnoea mediates insulin resistance through adipose tissue inflammation. Eur. Respir. J, 49.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01731-2016"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-Guruceaga, M., Belaidi, E., Lebeau, L., Aka, E., Andriantsitohaina, R., Giorgetti-Peraldi, S., Arnaud, C., and Le Lay, S. (2020). Intermittent hypoxia mediates caveolae disassembly that parallels insulin resistance development. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.565486"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3214","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia exacerbates pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Sherwani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poroyko, V.A., Carreras, A., Khalyfa, A., Khalyfa, A.A., Leone, V., Peris, E., Almendros, I., Gileles-Hillel, A., Qiao, Z., and Hubert, N. (2016). Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35405"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180891","article-title":"Gut microbiota in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: Disease-related dysbiosis and metabolic comorbidities","volume":"133","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.10.017","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition in children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: A pilot study","volume":"76","author":"Valentini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25967","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in 4- to 6-year-old children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-206782","article-title":"Altered gut-liver axis and hepatic adiponectin expression in osas: Novel mediators of liver injury in paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver","volume":"70","author":"Nobili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.01.019","article-title":"Gut epithelial barrier markers in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"26","author":"Barcelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalyfa, A., Ericsson, A., Qiao, Z., Almendros, I., Farre, R., and Gozal, D. (2021). Circulating exosomes and gut microbiome induced insulin resistance in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia: Effects of physical activity. EBioMedicine, 64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103208"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6900","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Labarca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-009-9219-6","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure improves sleep apnea associated fatty liver","volume":"188","author":"Shpirer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2015.04.001","article-title":"Chronobiology of ethanol: Animal models","volume":"49","author":"Rosenwasser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050660","article-title":"Neonatal clomipramine treatment, alcohol intake and circadian rhythms in rats","volume":"138","author":"Dwyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(92)90652-V","article-title":"Ethanol and circadian rhythms in the syrian hamster: Effects on entrained phase, reentrainment rate, and period","volume":"43","author":"Mistlberger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200053496","article-title":"Chronic ethanol intake alters circadian period-responses to brief light pulses in rats","volume":"22","author":"Rosenwasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730409338449","article-title":"Chronic ethanol intake alters circadian phase shifting and free-running period in mice","volume":"24","author":"Seggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.05.001","article-title":"Chronic ethanol intake modulates photic and non-photic circadian phase responses in the syrian hamster","volume":"87","author":"Seggio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14872","article-title":"Sleep and circadian differences between light and heavy adult alcohol drinkers","volume":"46","author":"Burgess","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.102030","article-title":"The effect of alcohol on subsequent sleep in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Gardiner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.10.1341","article-title":"Impact of alcoholism on sleep architecture and EEG power spectra in men and women","volume":"32","author":"Colrain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01304-X","article-title":"Sleep deprivation as a probe of homeostatic sleep regulation in primary alcoholics","volume":"51","author":"Irwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1638","article-title":"Effects of a 3-hour sleep delay on sleep homeostasis in alcohol dependent adults","volume":"35","author":"Armitage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"1796","article-title":"The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: Natural course and relationship to relapse","volume":"22","author":"Drummond","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0483-7","article-title":"Circadian clock and stress interactions in the molecular biology of psychiatric disorders","volume":"16","author":"Landgraf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080903498952","article-title":"Decreased psychological well-being in late \u2018chronotypes\u2019 is mediated by smoking and alcohol consumption","volume":"45","author":"Wittmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00926.x","article-title":"Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants","volume":"89","author":"Adan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01178.x","article-title":"Childhood sleep problems, response inhibition, and alcohol and drug outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/03009731003597127","article-title":"The clock gene per2 and sleep problems: Association with alcohol consumption among Swedish adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Comasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-3391-8-1","article-title":"Clock is suggested to associate with comorbid alcohol use and depressive disorders","volume":"8","author":"Sjoholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Circadian Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agq035","article-title":"Circadian clock gene polymorphisms in alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption","volume":"45","author":"Kovanen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111579","article-title":"Effects of the circadian rhythm gene period 1 (per1) on psychosocial stress-induced alcohol drinking","volume":"168","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Nobrega, A.K., Noakes, E.J., Storch, N.A., Mellers, A.P., and Lyons, L.C. (2022). Sleep modulates alcohol toxicity in drosophila. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012091"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00889.x","article-title":"Patterns of ethanol intake in preadolescent, adolescent, and adult wistar rats under acquisition, maintenance, and relapse-like conditions","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00165.x","article-title":"Circadian regulation of central ethanol sensitivity by the mper2 gene","volume":"14","author":"Zghoul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(03)00095-8","article-title":"Circadian activity rhythms in high-alcohol-preferring and low-alcohol-preferring mice","volume":"30","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2010.08.016","article-title":"Ethanol consumption in mice: Relationships with circadian period and entrainment","volume":"45","author":"Trujillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283425012","article-title":"Inconsistent effects of photoperiod manipulations in tests for affective-like changes in mice: Implications for the selection of appropriate model animals","volume":"22","author":"Gampetro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03845.x","article-title":"Effects of time-of-day and photoperiod phase shifts on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats","volume":"21","author":"Gauvin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brager, A.J., Prosser, R.A., and Glass, J.D. (2011). Circadian and acamprosate modu- lation of elevated ethanol drinking in mper2 clock gene mutant mice. Chronobiol. Int., 28.","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.601968"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.138","article-title":"The role of clock in ethanol-related behaviors","volume":"38","author":"Ozburn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.5.705","article-title":"Fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Abbey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12035","article-title":"Restless leg syndrome is a treatable cause of sleep disturbance and fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21230","article-title":"Fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with excessive daytime somnolence","volume":"44","author":"Newton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12026","article-title":"Sleep-wake profiles in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"33","author":"Montagnese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-024-00722-y","article-title":"Relationship between pruritus and sleep in participants with primary biliary cholangitis in the phase 2b glimmer trial","volume":"8","author":"Mayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Patient Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15039","article-title":"Seladelpar improved measures of pruritus, sleep, and fatigue and decreased serum bile acids in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"42","author":"Kremer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turco, M., Cazzagon, N., Franceschet, I., Formentin, C., Frighetto, G., Giordani, F., Cellini, N., Mazzotta, G., Costa, R., and Middleton, B. (2018). Morning bright light treatment for sleep-wake disturbances in primary biliary cholangitis: A pilot study. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01530"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.08.016","article-title":"Symptom prevalence and clustering of symptoms in people living with chronic hepatitis c infection","volume":"31","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.030","article-title":"Active at night, sleepy all day--sleep disturbances in patients with hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"60","author":"Heeren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200604000-00005","article-title":"Central nervous system changes in hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"18","author":"Forton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12694","article-title":"Comparison of sleep disorders in chronic hepatitis c patients treated with interferon-based therapy and direct acting antivirals using actigraphy","volume":"46","author":"Yoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"1093.e1095","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes of sleep, mood and quality of life after treatment of chronic hepatitis c infection using direct-acting antiviral agents","volume":"26","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51698-8","article-title":"An atlas of the human liver diurnal transcriptome and its perturbation by hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Mukherji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_229","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the, L. (2025). Easl-ern clinical practice guidelines on wilson\u2019s disease. J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8170","article-title":"Sleep disorders in wilson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06401-4","article-title":"Sleep disorders in wilson\u2019s disease: A questionnaire study","volume":"44","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-1001-4","article-title":"Sleep disorders in wilson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Woimant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03106.x","article-title":"Sleep disorders in wilson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Nevsimalova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., and You, Z. (2024). Assessment of sleep disturbance in patients with wilson\u2019s disease. BMC Psychiatry, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05493-w"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270204","article-title":"High prevalence of sleep disturbance in cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Cordoba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0973-7","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness in patients with cirrhosis: A case control study","volume":"29","author":"Mostacci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02089.x","article-title":"Night-time sleep disturbance does not correlate with neuropsychiatric impairment in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Montagnese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.01.027","article-title":"Most individuals with advanced cirrhosis have sleep disturbances, which are associated with poor quality of life","volume":"15","author":"Ghabril","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.10.006","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with sleep-wake abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121387","article-title":"Assessment of sleep among patients with chronic liver disease: Association with quality of life","volume":"11","author":"Plotogea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-009-9146-5","article-title":"Sleep and circadian abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis: Features of delayed sleep phase syndrome?","volume":"24","author":"Montagnese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.86","article-title":"On the origin and the consequences of circadian abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"105","author":"Montagnese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Liotta, E.M., Maas, M.B., Braun, R.I., Garcia-Canga, B., Ganger, D.R., Ladner, D.P., Reid, K.J., and Zee, P.C. (2021). Rest-activity rhythm disturbance in liver cirrhosis and association with cognitive impairment. Sleep, 44.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa288"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15476","article-title":"Hyperammonaemia disrupts daily rhythms reversibly by elevating glutamate in the central circadian pacemaker","volume":"43","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-5-1025","article-title":"Melatonin serum levels and metabolic clearance rate in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Iguchi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05799.x","article-title":"Cirrhosis does not shift the circadian phase of plasma fibrinolysis","volume":"97","author":"Piscaglia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00005","article-title":"Disruption of the diurnal rhythm of plasma melatonin in cirrhosis","volume":"123","author":"Steindl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-2-199607150-00023","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis and circadian rhythm","volume":"125","author":"Garfinkel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00318-5","article-title":"Hepatic retinopathia. Changes in retinal function","volume":"37","author":"Eckstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296511","article-title":"Hepatic retinopathy: Morphological features of retinal glial (muller) cells accompanying hepatic failure","volume":"90","author":"Reichenbach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-6-199709150-00025","article-title":"Impaired hepatic catabolism of melatonin in cirrhosis","volume":"127","author":"Steindl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S186665","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in patients with liver cirrhosis: Prevalence, impact, and management challenges","volume":"10","author":"Bruyneel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-014-0351-2","article-title":"Brain oscillatory activity during sleep shows unknown dysfunctions in early encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0586-z","article-title":"Cerebral A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR) in liver cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Boy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008","article-title":"Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite","volume":"141","author":"Spiegel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E407","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00184.2002","article-title":"Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans","volume":"284","author":"Weikel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04681.x","article-title":"Disruption of sleep architecture in minimal hepatic encephalopathy and ghrelin secretion","volume":"34","author":"Bajaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R741","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.3.R741","article-title":"Functional link between distal vasodilation and sleep-onset latency?","volume":"278","author":"Krauchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13525","article-title":"Abnormalities in the 24-hour rhythm of skin temperature in cirrhosis: Sleep-wake and general clinical implications","volume":"37","author":"Garrido","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_260","first-page":"454","article-title":"Portal-systemic encephalopathy; neurological complications of liver disease","volume":"267","author":"Sherlock","year":"1954","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0002","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000028","article-title":"Evaluating sleep in covert encephalopathy with wearable technology: Results from the watches study","volume":"7","author":"Buckholz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i22.3433","article-title":"Polysomnographic sleep aspects in liver cirrhosis: A case control study","volume":"19","author":"Teodoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90044-2","article-title":"[night sleep in porto-caval encephalopathy]","volume":"33","author":"Kurtz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-013-9393-3","article-title":"Correlation between degree and quality of sleep disturbance and the level of neuropsychiatric impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Samanta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9360-4","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and hepatic encephalopathy: It is worth asking","volume":"28","author":"Schiff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9944-5","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in patients of liver cirrhosis with minimal hepatic encephalopathy before and after lactulose therapy","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000786","article-title":"Improvement of sleep architecture parameters in cirrhotic patients with recurrent hepatic encephalopathy with the use of rifaximin","volume":"29","author":"Bruyneel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.03.013","article-title":"Health-related quality of life predicts mortality in patients with advanced chronic liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Kanwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100819","article-title":"Daytime napping, nighttime sleeping duration, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver disease-related mortality","volume":"5","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Fan, L., Shi, D., Lai, X., Wang, H., Liu, W., Yu, L., Liang, R., Zhang, Y., and Wan, S. (2024). Sleep and liver function biomarkers in relation to risk of incident liver cancer: A nationwide prospective cohort study. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03440-w"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14002","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14002","article-title":"Association between sleep traits and primary liver cancer: A mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Song, P., Hang, K., Chen, Z., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Qin, J., Wang, B., and Qu, W. (2021). Sleep deprivation disturbs immune surveillance and promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.727959"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000369","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in chronic liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Busebee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.239","article-title":"Bright times for patients with cirrhosis and delayed sleep habits: A case report on the beneficial effect of light therapy","volume":"106","author":"Gaiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1414-z","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythms in hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis: Effect of light therapy","volume":"40","author":"Middleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01506-5","article-title":"Drug-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"48","author":"Reimers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.01028.x","article-title":"Histamine h1 blocker hydroxyzine improves sleep in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"102","author":"Spahr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200528060-00005","article-title":"Dose adjustment in patients with liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Delco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1425","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for hepatic encephalopathy in a population-based cohort of americans with cirrhosis","volume":"3","author":"Tapper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-3021-2","article-title":"Benzodiazepine-associated hepatic encephalopathy significantly increased healthcare utilization and medical costs of Chinese cirrhotic patients: 7-year experience","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.03.019","article-title":"Psychoactive medications increase the risk of falls and fall-related injuries in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Tapper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2018.0084","article-title":"Effects of zolpidem on sleep parameters in patients with cirrhosis and sleep disturbances: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100478","article-title":"Deprescribing zolpidem reduces falls and fractures in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Tapper","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.01.026","article-title":"Increased morbidity and mortality associated with falls among patients with cirrhosis","volume":"131","author":"Ezaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12356","article-title":"Low-dose melatonin for sleep disturbances in early-stage cirrhosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"4","author":"Niriella","year":"2020","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2021.100650","article-title":"Self-reported poor quality of sleep in solid organ transplant: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Cordoza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkhalter, H., Denhaerynck, K., Huynh-Do, U., Binet, I., Hadaya, K., De Geest, S., and Psychosocial Interest Group, S.T.C.S. (2017). Change of sleep quality from pre- to 3 years post-solid organ transplantation: The swiss transplant cohort study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185036"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/359640","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of sleep disturbance among liver diseases in long-term transplant survivors","volume":"29","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2020.18809","article-title":"Assessment of sleep pattern and quality before and after liver transplantation using different methods","volume":"31","author":"Gencdal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11322\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T09:10:59Z","timestamp":1763975459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"references-count":289,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262311322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311322","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]}}}