{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:19:58Z","timestamp":1792603198067,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric viral infections impose a heavy burden on child health, often worsened by infection-induced gut dysbiosis. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and microbiota-modulating properties, has been proposed to interrupt this pathogenic feedback. To our knowledge, this is the first narrative review focused on resveratrol\u2019s antiviral activity in pediatric viral infections, concurrently evaluating its impact on the gut microbiota and their interrelationship. We synthetized preclinical and the limited available pediatric clinical data regarding resveratrol\u2019s effect on SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, rotavirus, and norovirus, extracting information on the models, routes of administration, dosages, mechanisms, and outcomes. Resveratrol interferes with viral lifecycles via diverse mechanisms (modulation of host signaling cascades, capsid or structural protein interactions, and suppression of pro-viral chaperones) while concurrently reshaping the gut microbiota (reducing opportunistic taxa and enriching beneficial genera such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) leading to improved short-chain fatty acid profiles, barrier integrity, and dampened inflammation. Intranasal resveratrol in children shows clinical benefit, while oral use is underexplored and limited by poor bioavailability; adult data hint at supportive microbiome and anti-inflammatory effects if the delivery is optimized. These dual antiviral and microbiome-directed effects position resveratrol as a promising adjunct in pediatric viral disease management, though well-powered pediatric clinical trials are needed to define dosages, delivery strategies, and the contribution of microbiota-mediated synergy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:47:22Z","timestamp":1763984842000},"page":"11341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Resveratrol as an Adjunct Antiviral Agent in Pediatric Viral Infections: A Review on Mechanistic Insights and Gut Microbiota Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Training Programme in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Rodolico San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Lo Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6934-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Spinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federazione Italiana Medici di Medicina Generale-F.I.M.M.G. (Italian Federation of General Practitioners), 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasqua","family":"Betta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Policlinico G. Rodolico San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, Piazza dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Center G.B. Morgagni-DSV, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4865-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Polizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Malaguarnera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30396-1","article-title":"Estimates of the Global, Regional, and National Morbidity, Mortality, and Aetiologies of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in 195 Countries: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"17","author":"Troeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31823883be","article-title":"Comparative Dynamics, Morbidity and Mortality Burden of Pediatric Viral Respiratory Infections in an Equatorial City","volume":"31","author":"Alonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1","article-title":"Global Burden of Acute Lower Respiratory Infections Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"375","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27671","article-title":"Early Initiation of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season in 2021-2022, Greece","volume":"94","author":"Pappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcc.jpcc_61_23","article-title":"Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction in Children Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Centered Retrospective Observational Study from Western India","volume":"10","author":"Barchha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-020-0711-8","article-title":"Respiratory Virus Co-Infection in Acute Respiratory Infections in Children","volume":"22","author":"Meskill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4549-0_36","article-title":"Co-Infections with Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"756","author":"Stefanska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1788","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001788","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Coinfections With Rhinovirus and Human Bocavirus in Hospitalized Children","volume":"94","author":"Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14076","article-title":"Respiratory Virus Detection and Co-infection in Children and Adults in a Large Australian Hospital in 2009\u20132015","volume":"54","author":"Ching","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002814","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 With Concurrent Respiratory Viral Infection as a Risk Factor for a Higher Level of Care in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients","volume":"38","author":"Dikranian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.10.023","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory viruses among children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Dallmeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24718","article-title":"Clinical and CT Features in Pediatric Patients with COVID-19 Infection: Different Points from Adults","volume":"55","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1821","article-title":"Virologic Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children","volume":"224","author":"Yonker","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedRxiv Prepr. Serv. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karampatsas, K., Osborne, L., Seah, M.-L., Tong, C.Y.W., and Prendergast, A.J. (2018). Clinical Characteristics and Complications of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children in East London: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194009"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2237","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2237","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Norovirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis: A Meta-Analysis on 6 Years of Research from 2015 to 2020","volume":"32","author":"Farahmand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, R., Gootkind, E.F., De la Flor, D., Yockey, L.J., Bordt, E.A., D\u2019Avino, P., Ning, S., Heath, K., Harding, K., and Zois, J. (2020). Establishment of a Pediatric COVID-19 Biorepository: Unique Considerations and Opportunities for Studying the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01110-y"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1372","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001372","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Severe Viral Gastroenteritis in Children: A 3-Year Surveillance, Multicentered Study in Taiwan With Partial Rotavirus Immunization","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, S., Smatti, M.K., Al Ansari, K., Nasrallah, G.K., Al Thani, A.A., and Yassine, H.M. (2019). Mixed Viral-Bacterial Infections and Their Effects on Gut Microbiota and Clinical Illnesses in Children. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37162-w"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048","article-title":"Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization","volume":"159","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harding, J.N., Siefker, D., Vu, L., You, D., DeVincenzo, J., Pierre, J.F., and Cormier, S.A. (2020). Altered Gut Microbiota in Infants Is Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Severity. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01816-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00361-8","article-title":"The Lung-Gut Axis during Viral Respiratory Infections: The Impact of Gut Dysbiosis on Secondary Disease Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Sencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.606928","article-title":"Resveratrol in Peanuts","volume":"54","author":"Sales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, L. (2019). Influence of Resveratrol on the Immune Response. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050946"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, G., Pennisi, M., Bertino, G., Motta, M., Borz\u00ec, A.M., Vicari, E., Bella, R., Drago, F., and Malaguarnera, M. (2018). Resveratrol in Patients with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030329"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, M., Khan, H., and Cauli, O. (2020). Resveratrol in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Behavioral and Molecular Effects. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030188"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.44443","article-title":"Resveratrol Reduces Inflammation-Related Prostate Fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Vicari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107613","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol against Emerging Respiratory Viral Infections","volume":"214","author":"Filardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(99)00042-X","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Replication","volume":"43","author":"Docherty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.07.004","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibition of Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication In Vitro","volume":"72","author":"Docherty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1086\/429694","article-title":"Inhibition of Influenza A Virus Replication by Resveratrol","volume":"191","author":"Palamara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2006.03.024","article-title":"Synthesis of Stilbene Derivatives with Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus Replication","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.049379","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro Metabolism of Trans-Resveratrol by Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"97","author":"Bode","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"9734845","article-title":"Phytochemicals That Influence Gut Microbiota as Prophylactics and for the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2018","author":"Vizmanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaplin, A., Carp\u00e9n\u00e9, C., and Mercader, J. (2018). Resveratrol, Metabolic Syndrome, and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111651"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-020-00908-0","article-title":"Diet, Gut Microbiota and COVID-19","volume":"60","author":"Rishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Azzaz, J., Al Tarraf, A., Heumann, A., Da Silva Barreira, D., Laurent, J., Assifaoui, A., Rieu, A., Guzzo, J., and Lapaquette, P. (2020). Resveratrol Favors Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei Subsp. Paracasei Strain ATCC334. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155423"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22273","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022273","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Intestinal Flora","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging Pathogenic Links between Microbiota and the Gut-Lung Axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180448","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome: Relationships with Disease and Opportunities for Therapy","volume":"216","author":"Durack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309728","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Plays a Protective Role in the Host Defence against Pneumococcal Pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Schuijt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S.-F., Tuo, J.-L., Huang, X.-B., Zhu, X., Zhang, D.-M., Zhou, K., Yuan, L., Luo, H.-J., Zheng, B.-J., and Yuen, K.-Y. (2018). Epidemiology Characteristics of Human Coronaviruses in Patients with Respiratory Infection Symptoms and Phylogenetic Analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2010-2015 in Guangzhou. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191789"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04980-y","article-title":"Clinical Relevance of Lung Microbiota Composition in Critically Ill Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Insights from a Retrospective Analysis of Metagenomic Sequencing","volume":"44","author":"Men","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2022.07.002","article-title":"Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Pneumonia","volume":"192","author":"Narendrakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646721","article-title":"Contributions of the Intestinal Microbiome in Lung Immunity","volume":"48","author":"McAleer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groves, H.T., Cuthbertson, L., James, P., Moffatt, M.F., Cox, M.J., and Tregoning, J.S. (2018). Respiratory Disease Following Viral Lung Infection Alters the Murine Gut Microbiota. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00182"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.20529","article-title":"Activated Fluid Transport Regulates Bacterial-Epithelial Interactions and Significantly Shifts the Murine Colonic Microbiome","volume":"3","author":"Keely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zama, D., Totaro, C., Biscardi, L., Rocca, A., Turroni, S., Brigidi, P., and Lanari, M. (2022). The Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Respiratory Tract Infections in Childhood: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142992"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, A.M., Walk, S.T., Taube, S., Taniuchi, M., Houpt, E.R., Wobus, C.E., and Young, V.B. (2012). Disruption of the Human Gut Microbiota Following Norovirus Infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048224"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadlyana, E., Soemarko, D.S., Endaryanto, A., Haryanto, B., Darma, A., Dewi, D.K., Chandra, D.N., Hartono, B., Buftheim, S., and Wasito, E. (2022). The Impact of Air Pollution on Gut Microbiota and Children\u2019s Health: An Expert Consensus. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060765"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., Huang, Y., Liu, G., Li, X., Xiao, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Xu, J., and Lu, S. (2021). A Novel Immunobiotics Bacteroides Dorei Ameliorates Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.828887"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altomare, A., Giovanetti, M., Baldaro, F., Ciccozzi, M., Cicala, M., and Guarino, M.P.L. (2024). The Prevention of Viral Infections: The Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Nutritional Factors. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152445"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.01.007","article-title":"Roles of the Gut Microbiota in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.05.004","article-title":"Progressive Deterioration of the Upper Respiratory Tract and the Gut Microbiomes in Children during the Early Infection Stages of COVID-19","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom. Yi Chuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagi, K., Asai, N., Huffnagle, G.B., Lukacs, N.W., and Fonseca, W. (2022). Early-Life Lung and Gut Microbiota Development and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877771"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160218","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0218","article-title":"The Fecal Microbiota Profile and Bronchiolitis in Infants","volume":"138","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103709","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00248-0","article-title":"Alterations of Intestinal Flora and the Effects of Probiotics in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412834","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2412834","article-title":"Investigation of Gut Microbiota Disorders in Norovirus Infected Children Patients Based on 16s rRNA Sequencing","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Q., Chen, Y., Gao, E.-B., Lu, Y., Wu, J., and Qiu, H. (2025). The Characteristics of Intestinal Microflora in Infants with Rotavirus Enteritis, Changes in Microflora before and after Treatment and Their Clinical Values. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88312-w"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201503-133AW","article-title":"The Gut-Lung Axis in Respiratory Disease","volume":"12","author":"Marsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa709","article-title":"Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 or H1N1 Influenza","volume":"71","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.022","article-title":"Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms","volume":"168","author":"Sefik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"276","article-title":"Depicting SARS-CoV-2 Faecal Viral Activity in Association with Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.067","article-title":"The Role of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 in Modulating Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Inflammation, and Coronavirus Infection","volume":"160","author":"Penninger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101123","article-title":"ACE2 Imbalance as a Key Player for the Poor Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with Age-Related Comorbidities\u2014Role of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis","volume":"62","author":"Viana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Wang, J., Li, F., and Shi, Y. (2020). Main Clinical Features of COVID-19 and Potential Prognostic and Therapeutic Value of the Microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01302"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsholm, A.S., Kj\u00e6r, T.N., Ornstrup, M.J., and Pedersen, S.B. (2017). Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis in Blood, Urine, Fat, and Muscle in Men with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial on the Effects of Resveratrol after Four Months\u2019 Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030554"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803638d","article-title":"Effect of a Low Dose of Dietary Resveratrol on Colon Microbiota, Inflammation and Tissue Damage in a DSS-Induced Colitis Rat Model","volume":"57","author":"Larrosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernocchi, P., Del Chierico, F., and Putignani, L. (2016). Gut Microbiota Profiling: Metabolomics Based Approach to Unravel Compounds Affecting Human Health. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01144"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Chen, D., Zheng, P., Yu, J., He, J., Mao, X., and Yu, B. (2019). The Bidirectional Interactions between Resveratrol and Gut Microbiota: An Insight into Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5403761"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer, M., and Moco, S. (2019). Resveratrol and Its Human Metabolites-Effects on Metabolic Health and Obesity. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010143"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402506c","article-title":"Impact of Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Rich Dietary Sources on Gut Microbiota Composition","volume":"61","author":"Etxeberria","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00784H","article-title":"Dietary Supplement Based on Stilbenes: A Focus on Gut Microbial Metabolism by the In Vitro Simulator M-SHIME\u00ae","volume":"7","author":"Giuliani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux062","article-title":"Interindividual Variability in Gut Microbiota and Host Response to Dietary Interventions","volume":"75","author":"Healey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4465","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4465","article-title":"An Overview on the Interplay between Nutraceuticals and Gut Microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Catinean","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60630a","article-title":"Effects of Resveratrol on Gut Microbiota and Fat Storage in a Mouse Model with High-Fat-Induced Obesity","volume":"5","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaimes, J.D., Jarosova, V., Vesely, O., Mekadim, C., Mrazek, J., Marsik, P., Killer, J., Smejkal, K., Kloucek, P., and Havlik, J. (2019). Effect of Selected Stilbenoids on Human Fecal Microbiota. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040744"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koliada, A., Syzenko, G., Moseiko, V., Budovska, L., Puchkov, K., Perederiy, V., Gavalko, Y., Dorofeyev, A., Romanenko, M., and Tkach, S. (2017). Association between Body Mass Index and Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio in an Adult Ukrainian Population. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1027-1"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.89","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Composition in Relation to the Metabolic Response to 12-Week Combined Polyphenol Supplementation in Overweight Men and Women","volume":"71","author":"Most","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01519A","article-title":"Dietary Resveratrol Attenuated Colitis and Modulated Gut Microbiota in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Treated Mice","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, T., Wen, Z., Cheng, X., Li, C., Zhang, P., Xiao, D., and Xu, Y. (2025). Unlocking Gut Health: The Potent Role of Stilbenoids in Intestinal Homeostasis. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030417"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, T.-T., Ye, X.-L., Li, R.-R., Chen, H., Wang, Y.-Y., Yong, H.-J., Pan, M.-L., Lu, W., Tang, Y., and Miao, H. (2020). Resveratrol Modulates the Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Protect Against Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01249"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Q., Tan, Z., Shi, L., and Xun, W. (2021). Resveratrol Attenuates Diquat-Induced Oxidative Stress by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Characteristics in Piglets. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.695155"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11301","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c04101","article-title":"Differential Protective Effect of Resveratrol and Its Microbial Metabolites on Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Is Mediated by the AMPK Pathway","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8935-3","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Compounds on Cancer-Related Gut Microbiota and microRNA","volume":"102","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.-C., Ho, C.-T., Chuo, W.-H., Li, S., Wang, T.T., and Lin, C.-C. (2017). Effective Inhibition of MERS-CoV Infection by Resveratrol. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2253-8"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"3225","article-title":"Stilbene-Based Natural Compounds as Promising Drug Candidates against COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Wahedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.08.004","article-title":"Potential Use of Polyphenols in the Battle against COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Paraiso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E830","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00150.2020","article-title":"Biological Plausibility for Interactions between Dietary Fat, Resveratrol, ACE2, and SARS-CoV Illness Severity","volume":"318","author":"Horne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005","article-title":"Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Pivotal Roles in Inflammation","volume":"1863","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.01.018","article-title":"Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Human Metapneumovirus Infection","volume":"200","author":"Komaravelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H18","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00260.2010","article-title":"Resveratrol Confers Endothelial Protection via Activation of the Antioxidant Transcription Factor Nrf2","volume":"299","author":"Ungvari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"833","article-title":"Transcription Factor Nrf2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Prevention of Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"85","author":"Zinovkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13535","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13535","article-title":"Indomethacin and Resveratrol as Potential Treatment Adjuncts for SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19","volume":"74","author":"Marinella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenmoe, S., Kengne-Nde, C., Ebogo-Belobo, J.T., Mbaga, D.S., Fatawou Modiyinji, A., and Njouom, R. (2020). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viruses in Children < 2 Years with Bronchiolitis in the Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic Era. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242302"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"320","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Host Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Respiratory Morbidity in Later Life","volume":"28","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suleiman-Martos, N., Caballero-V\u00e1zquez, A., G\u00f3mez-Urquiza, J.L., Albend\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, L., Romero-B\u00e9jar, J.L., and Ca\u00f1adas-De la Fuente, G.A. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children under 5 Years of Age in the WHO European Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3795266"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"3","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Virology, Reverse Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Disease","volume":"372","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06744-11","article-title":"The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein Is Required for Maturation of Viral Filaments","volume":"86","author":"Mitra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.05.031","article-title":"Resveratrol Suppresses Persistent Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsivess Might Partially via Nerve Growth Factor in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Mice","volume":"28","author":"Zang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, T., Busso, J.D.S., Dias, R.V.R., Ottenio Louren\u00e7o, I., de Sa, J.M., de Carvalho, S.J., Caruso, I.P., de Souza, F.P., and Fossey, M.A. (2024). Interaction of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) Matrix Protein with Resveratrol Shows Antiviral Effect. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312790"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO05131E","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication by Targeting Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans","volume":"15","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00255-6","article-title":"Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Current Management and New Therapeutics","volume":"3","author":"Mazur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9452-7","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced IL-6 Production, Decreases Viral Replication, and Downregulates TRIF Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03637-13","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibits the TRIF-Dependent Pathway by Upregulating Sterile Alpha and Armadillo Motif Protein, Contributing to Anti-Inflammatory Effects after Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0459-9","article-title":"NK Cells Contribute to Persistent Airway Inflammation and AHR during the Later Stage of RSV Infection in Mice","volume":"205","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13061","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05869-11","article-title":"Resveratrol-Mediated Gamma Interferon Reduction Prevents Airway Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Immunocompromised Mice","volume":"85","author":"Zang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/HNP.0000000000000576","article-title":"Resveratrol: The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Phytochemical Compound on Pneumonia, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"37","author":"Ross","year":"2023","journal-title":"Holist. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50442","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c11525","article-title":"Sonication-Assisted Self-Assembled Resveratrol Nanoparticles with Enhanced Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activity against Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309189","article-title":"Nirsevimab for Prevention of Hospitalizations Due to RSV in Infants","volume":"389","author":"Drysdale","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.106","article-title":"Prevention of Influenza in Healthy Children","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.08.016","article-title":"Inhibition of Influenza Virus Replication by Plant-Derived Isoquercetin","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivial. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.05.062","article-title":"Effects of Polyphenol Compounds on Influenza A Virus Replication and Definition of Their Mechanism of Action","volume":"20","author":"Fioravanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-J., Lin, H.-J., Chen, T.-H., Hsu, Y.-A., Liu, C.-S., Hwang, G.-Y., and Wan, L. (2015). Polygonum Cuspidatum and Its Active Components Inhibit Replication of the Influenza Virus through Toll-like Receptor 9-Induced Interferon Beta Expression. PLoS ONE, 10, Correction in PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0125288.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125288"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisi, G.F., Carota, G., Castruccio Castracani, C., Spampinato, M., Manti, S., Papale, M., Di Rosa, M., Barbagallo, I., and Leonardi, S. (2021). Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Viral Infections, Including COVID-19, among the Pediatric Population: A Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052465"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.08.010","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibits Rhinovirus Replication and Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Nasal Epithelia","volume":"123","author":"Mastromarino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01150-0","article-title":"Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Infections: Inter-Society Consensus","volume":"47","author":"Chiappini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-014-0093-3","article-title":"Resveratrol plus Carboxymethyl-\u03b2-Glucan in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Infections: A Preliminary and Real-Life Experience","volume":"40","author":"Varricchio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03814","article-title":"Resveratrol plus Carboxymethyl-\u03b2-Glucan in Infants with Common Cold: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial","volume":"6","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indolfi, C., Mignini, C., Valitutti, F., Bizzarri, I., Dinardo, G., Klain, A., Miraglia Del Giudice, M., and Di Cara, G. (2024). Effects of Nasal Solution Incorporating Resveratrol and Carboxymethyl-\u0392-Glucan in Preschool Non-Atopic Children with Wheezing. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142197"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02849868","article-title":"Rotavirus Gastroenteritis","volume":"22","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153230","article-title":"Antiviral Activities of Resveratrol against Rotavirus In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"77","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184241","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/184241","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Resveratrol against Human and Animal Viruses","volume":"2015","author":"Abba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.12.011","article-title":"Viral Exploitation of the MEK\/ERK Pathway\u2014A Tale of Vaccinia Virus and Other Viruses","volume":"507","author":"Bonjardim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4467-4482.2002","article-title":"Gene Expression Pattern in Caco-2 Cells Following Rotavirus Infection","volume":"76","author":"Cuadras","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3511-1","article-title":"HSP90: A Promising Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drug Target","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2060","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol: The In Vivo Evidence","volume":"5","author":"Baur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2008.145","article-title":"RNA Viruses and the Mitogenic Raf\/MEK\/ERK Signal Transduction Cascade","volume":"389","author":"Pleschka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.04.013","article-title":"Cytokines in the Management of Rotavirus Infection: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies","volume":"96","author":"Gandhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-024-09592-5","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol from Reynoutria Japonica on MNV-1, a Human Norovirus Surrogate","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Periferakis, A.T., Troumpata, L., Periferakis, K., Georgatos-Garcia, S., Touriki, G., Dragosloveanu, C.D.M., Caruntu, A., Savulescu-Fiedler, I., and Dragosloveanu, S. (2025). Pinosylvin: A Multifunctional Stilbenoid with Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47030204"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:49:38Z","timestamp":1763984978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262311341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]}}}