{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:19:21Z","timestamp":1791559161035,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient and localized singlet oxygen (SO) generation is essential for improving antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). In this study, a bis-imidazolium-based amphiphilic gelator is used, which self-assembles into a supramolecular gel in a water\u2013ethanol medium and incorporates Rose Bengal (RB) as a photosensitizer. The gel network provides a confined environment that promotes SO formation under light irradiation. RB@Gel was characterized with respect to its morphology, degradation behavior, and swelling properties. Biopharmaceutical assessment included in vitro release, ex vivo permeation studies and Hen\u2019s Egg Test\u2013Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay. Rheological measurements confirmed a viscoelastic profile, indicating structural stability and suitability for localized therapeutic applications. SO production within the gel was quantified using tetrasodium 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonate (NaABMA), showing higher efficiency than that of RB in solution. The RB@Gel exhibited significant aPDT against E. coli in a direct-surface contact assay. Overall, the RB@Gel provides a stable, suitable platform capable of efficient SO generation and potent antibacterial activity, highlighting its promise for localized aPDT applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T15:56:41Z","timestamp":1764172601000},"page":"11455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rose Bengal-Incorporated Supramolecular Gels as a Topical Platform for Localized Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kavya","family":"Anguluri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Qu\u00edmica Terap\u00e8utica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6131-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman","family":"Bagherpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Qu\u00edmica Terap\u00e8utica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. 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Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyda","family":"Halbaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6739-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Espargar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3894-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimon","family":"Sabate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. 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