{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:21:12Z","timestamp":1785356472996,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity in the pediatric population has become a public health problem with an increasing prevalence in recent years. The gut microbiota and its metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), play vital roles in the development of pediatric obesity. This manuscript aims to highlight the link between the gut microbiota and obesity by examining microbial imbalances, such as altered Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratios and altered SCFA production, especially butyrate, propionate, and acetate. Advances in genomic technologies, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, have enabled personalized treatments and detailed profiling of microbial diversity. This review includes not only preclinical studies but also clinical trials of interventions, such as probiotics, synbiotics, prebiotics, and butyrate supplements. These may modify the microbiota and SCFA levels to reduce obesity and related conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and precocious puberty. Future research should focus on using advanced genomic sequencing techniques to develop new therapeutic strategies, as well as on creating a complex predictive algorithm for assessing metabolic risk in pediatric patients with obesity, an innovation that can be extended to other metabolic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"11503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Key Factors in Pediatric Obesity and Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5730-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin Constantin","family":"P\u00eenzariu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3449-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian Marian","family":"Leonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4388-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Gabriela","family":"Trofin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Mihaela","family":"Trandafir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Moscalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6798-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena Mihaela","family":"Manole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3450-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Moscalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Iuliana","family":"Laz\u0103r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luminita Georgeta","family":"Confederat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad Ionu\u021b","family":"Vl\u0103sceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Petru","family":"Soroceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Vasile","family":"Timofte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragomir Nicolae","family":"\u015eerban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionela L\u0103cr\u0103mioara","family":"\u015eerban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00341-9","article-title":"Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: A growing epidemic with age","volume":"16","author":"Faienza","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, September 17). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00397-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990\u20132021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"Kerr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2020.03.002","article-title":"Behavioral factors influencing childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Poorolajal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00246-9","article-title":"Determinants of childhood obesity in China","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12619","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12619","article-title":"Sleep and obesity among children: A systematic review of multiple sleep dimensions","volume":"15","author":"Morrissey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15303","article-title":"Sedentary behavior and sleep for children and adolescents with obesity: A systematic review","volume":"1545","author":"Guapo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e31640","article-title":"Childhood Obesity: Prevalence and Prevention in Modern Society","volume":"14","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i28.4368","article-title":"Microbiota revolution: How gut microbes regulate our lives","volume":"29","author":"Colella","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhou, J., and Wang, L. (2021). Role and Mechanism of Gut Microbiota in Human Disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625913"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.060","article-title":"Aging, Frailty, and the Microbiome-How Dysbiosis Influences Human Aging and Disease","volume":"160","author":"Haran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0092924","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00929-24","article-title":"Exploring the vitamin biosynthesis landscape of the human gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Tarracchini","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.09.001","article-title":"Vitamins, the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal health in humans","volume":"95","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, P., Babaei, P., and Nielsen, J. (2019). Metagenomic analysis of microbe-mediated vitamin metabolism in the human gut microbiome. BMC Genomics., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5591-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.01.009","article-title":"Gut microbiome lipid metabolism and its impact on host physiology","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203719666180514145437","article-title":"Dietary Protein and Gut Microbiota Composition and Function","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426614","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2426614","article-title":"Mechanisms of gut bacterial metabolism of dietary polyphenols into bioactive compounds","volume":"16","author":"Alqudah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22350","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101986R","article-title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics: Influence of gut microbiota on drug and xenobiotic metabolism","volume":"36","author":"Dikeocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Tommaso, N., Gasbarrini, A., and Ponziani, F.R. (2021). Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312836"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13463","article-title":"Pediatric obesity is associated with an altered gut microbiota and discordant shifts in Firmicutes populations","volume":"19","author":"Riva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01012-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites tune host homeostasis fate","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, S.J., Yu, J.S., Min, B.H., Gupta, H., Won, S.-M., Park, H.J., Han, S.H., Kim, B.-Y., Kim, K.H., and Kim, B.K. (2023). Bifidobacterium-derived short-chain fatty acids and indole compounds attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut-liver axis. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1129904"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00914-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00914-20","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production by Gut Microbiota from Children with Obesity Differs According to Prebiotic Choice and Bacterial Community Composition","volume":"11","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, S.J., Lee, J., and Lee, H.S. (2022). Metabolic changes of the acetogen Clostridium sp. AWRP through adaptation to acetate challenge. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.982442"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.-Z., Li, Y.-Z., Xi, Z.-N., Gao, H.-P., Zhang, Q., Liu, L.-C., Li, F.-L., and Ma, X.-Q. (2024). Engineered acetogenic bacteria as microbial cell factory for diversified biochemicals. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1395540"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firrman, J., Liu, L., Mahalak, K., Tanes, C., Bittinger, K., Tu, V., Bobokalonov, J., Mattei, L., Zhang, H., and Van den Abbeele, P. (2022). The impact of environmental pH on the gut microbiota community structure and short chain fatty acid production. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 98.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiac038"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03172-2","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve intestinal barrier integrity-albeit to a lesser degree than short-chain fatty acids: An exploratory analysis of the randomized controlled LIBRE trial","volume":"62","author":"Seethaler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, B., Zhao, D., Zhou, S., Kang, J.X., and Wang, B. (2025). Insight into the effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on gut microbiota: Impact of a balanced tissue Omega-6\/Omega-3 ratio. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1575323"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.115733","article-title":"EPA-rich Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass regulates gut microbiota, alleviates inflammation and ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats","volume":"202","author":"Uthaiah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0103lcudean, A., C\u00eempian, D.-M., Popovici, R.-A., Forna, N., Corodan-Comiati, D.-M., Sasu, A.-B., Cozma, M.-M., Bodo, C.-R., Enache, E.-C., and P\u0103curar, M. (2025). Dietary Habits and Their Influence on the Microbiome and Mental Health in Adolescents. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091496"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Via, E., and Contreras-Rodr\u00edguez, O. (2023). Binge-Eating Precursors in Children and Adolescents: Neurodevelopment, and the Potential Contribution of Ultra-Processed Foods. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132994"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchin, S., Bertin, L., Bonazzi, E., Lorenzon, G., De Barba, C., Barberio, B., Zingone, F., Maniero, D., Scarpa, M., and Ruffolo, C. (2024). Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Health: From Metabolic Pathways to Current Therapeutic Implications. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1638.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moubareck, C.A. (2021). Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides: A Glimpse into Benefits, Diversity, and Correlations. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041123"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotlyarov, S. (2022). Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Gut Microbiota in Innate Lung Immunity and Pathogenesis of the Heterogeneous Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094768"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1017\/gmb.2023.14","article-title":"The butyrate-producing and spore-forming bacterial genus Coprococcus as a potential biomarker for neurological disorders","volume":"4","author":"Notting","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut. Microb."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00503-6","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids\u2014A Product of the Microbiome and Its Participation in Two-Way Communication on the Microbiome-Host Mammal Line","volume":"12","author":"Lange","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May, K.S., and den Hartigh, L.J. (2023). Gut Microbial-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids: Impact on Adipose Tissue Physiology. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020272"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00867-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota in overweight and obesity: Crosstalk with adipose tissue","volume":"21","author":"Cani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0188-7","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function","volume":"2","author":"Frampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcnte, E., and Hartmann, P. (2025). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Other Metabolic Diseases. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040469"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.007","article-title":"Dietary fiber and SCFAs in the regulation of mucosal immunity","volume":"151","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414796","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2414796","article-title":"The effects of gut microbiota on appetite regulation and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8870958","DOI":"10.1155\/jnme\/8870958","article-title":"Linking Short-Chain Fatty Acids to Systemic Homeostasis: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Directions","volume":"2025","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24331-1","article-title":"Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer","volume":"12","author":"Luu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ney, L.-M., Wipplinger, M., Grossmann, M., Engert, N., Wegner, V.D., and Mosig, A.S. (2023). Short chain fatty acids: Key regulators of the local and systemic immune response in inflammatory diseases and infections. Open Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.230014"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad042","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Pham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, R., and Li, L. (2021). Modulation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Potential Therapy Method for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9756586"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Reytor, D., Puebla, C., Karahanian, E., and Garc\u00eda, K. (2021). Use of Short-Chain Fatty Acids for the Recovery of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Affected by Bacterial Toxins. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.650313"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X., Wen, S., Long-Kun, D., Man, Y., Chang, S., Min, Z., Shuang-Yu, L., Xin, Q., Jie, M., and Liang, W. (2022). Three important short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) attenuate the inflammatory response induced by 5-FU and maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal tight junction. BMC Immunol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-022-00495-3"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seminoncol.2025.152398","article-title":"The effects of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on T lymphocytes: From autoimmune diseases to cancer","volume":"52","author":"Saadh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2024.11.003","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fock, E., and Parnova, R. (2023). Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040657"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, S., Shin, Y., Han, S., Kwon, J., Choi, T.G., Kang, I., and Kim, S.S. (2023). The Gut-Brain Axis in Schizophrenia: The Implications of the Gut Microbiome and SCFA Production. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204391"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03061-3","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate attenuates neuroinflammation in rostral ventrolateral medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"21","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Sater, K.A., and Hassan, H.A. (2025). Gut microbiota and stress ulcers: Unraveling the neurotransmitter connection. Front. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1594179"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Cheng, Y., Pan, W., Diao, J., Sun, L., and Meng, M. (2025). Gut microbiota variations in depression and anxiety: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06871-8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.07.042","article-title":"Altered levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids are associated with subclinical inflammation and worse cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"165","author":"Kowalski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, K., Dong, W., Luo, T., Tang, H., Zhu, W., Huang, Y., and Yang, X. (2023). Butyrate and obesity: Current research status and future prospect. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1098881"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3143-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome production of short-chain fatty acids and obesity in children","volume":"37","author":"Murugesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105174","article-title":"Butyrate generated by gut microbiota and its therapeutic role in metabolic syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsso, C.E., Colin-Ramirez, E., Field, C.J., Madsen, K.L., Prado, C.M., and Haqq, A.M. (2020). Adipose Tissue Development and Expansion from the Womb to Adolescence: An Overview. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092735"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.17.9.5842","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Remodeling by Prolonged Administration of High Dose of Vitamin D3 in Rats Treated to Prevent Sarcopenia","volume":"68","author":"Pinzariu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"215","article-title":"Novel therapeutic strategy for obesity through the gut microbiota-brain axis: A review article","volume":"15","author":"Kardan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.18.3.6187","article-title":"Vitamin D as a Regulator of Adipocyte Differentiation Effects in vivo and in vitro","volume":"69","author":"Pinzariu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.17.4.5571","article-title":"The Involvement of Epicardial Adiposity and Inflammation in Postoperatory Atrial Fibrilation\u2014Immunohistochemical Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment","volume":"68","author":"Butcovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.115420","article-title":"Butyrate: A potential mediator of obesity and microbiome via different mechanisms of actions","volume":"199","author":"Arslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10427","article-title":"Orthopedic surgery in hemophilic patients with musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Badulescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"404","article-title":"Vitamin D and Tissular Expression of Vitamin D Receptor in Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Haliga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopczy\u0144ska, J., and Kowalczyk, M. (2024). The potential of short-chain fatty acid epigenetic regulation in chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1380476"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11183","article-title":"Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Review)","volume":"23","author":"Toader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, S., Avagliano, C., Calignano, A., and Berni Canani, R. (2021). The Protective Role of Butyrate against Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030682"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24420","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24420","article-title":"Obesity and gut\u2013microbiota\u2013brain axis: A narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Asadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehghani, A., Wang, L., Garssen, J., Styla, E., Leusink-Muis, T., van Ark, I., Folkerts, G., van Bergenhenegouwen, J., and Braber, S. (2025). Pregnancy exacerbates neutrophil responses in murine lungs and alters gut microbiota composition after cigarette smoke exposure. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590290"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubcevic, J., Watkins, J., Lin, C., Bautista, B., Hatch, H.M., Tevosian, S.G., and Hayward, L.F. (2022). Nicotine Exposure during Rodent Pregnancy Alters the Composition of Maternal Gut Microbiota and Abundance of Maternal and Amniotic Short Chain Fatty Acids. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080735"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagioli, V., Matera, M., Ramenghi, L.A., Falsaperla, R., and Striano, P. (2025). Microbiome and Pregnancy Dysbiosis: A Narrative Review on Offspring Health. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061033"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26685\/urncst.891","article-title":"Investigating the Impact of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) from the Maternal Microbiome on Pregnancy and Fetal Health of C57BL\/6J Mice: A Research Protocol","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"URNCST J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2019-026","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in obesity: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Ejtahed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Z.-H., Gao, Z.-X., Liu, D.-W., Liu, Z.-S., and Wu, P. (2023). Gut microbiota and its metabolites\u2014Molecular mechanisms and management strategies in diabetic kidney disease. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1124704"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Yin, Y., Li, Z., and Zhang, W. (2019). Gut Microbiota-Derived Components and Metabolites in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081712"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-250167","article-title":"Metabolome and fecal microbiota in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for weight: A Big Mac challenge","volume":"28","author":"Maukonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4358","article-title":"Gut microbiome and serum metabolome alterations in obesity and after weight-loss intervention","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02114","article-title":"Connection Between BMI-Related Plasma Metabolite Profile and Gut Microbiota","volume":"103","author":"Ottosson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Org, E., Blum, Y., Kasela, S., Mehrabian, M., Kuusisto, J., Kangas, A.J., Soininen, P., Wang, Z., Ala-Korpela, M., and Hazen, S.L. (2017). Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and metabolic syndrome traits in the METSIM cohort. Genome Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1194-2"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-014-3881-z","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Correlate with Specific Fecal Bacteria and Serum Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Women","volume":"49","author":"Druart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulates Bile Acid Metabolism by Reducing the Levels of Tauro-beta-muricholic Acid, a Naturally Occurring FXR Antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Sayin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallister, T., Jackson, M.A., Martin, T.C., Zierer, J., Jennings, A., Mohney, R.P., MacGregor, A., Steves, C.J., Cassidy, A., and Spector, T.D. (2017). Hippurate as a metabolomic marker of gut microbiome diversity: Modulation by diet and relationship to metabolic syndrome. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13722-4"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.Y. (2021). Lifestyle modifications result in alterations in the gut microbiota in obese children. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02002-3"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visuthranukul, C., Sriswasdi, S., Tepaamorndech, S., Joyjinda, Y., Saengpanit, P., Kwanbunbumpen, T., Panichsillaphakit, E., Uaariyapanichkul, J., and Chomtho, S. (2022). Association of Human Intestinal Microbiota with Lifestyle Activity, Adiposity, and Metabolic Profiles in Thai Children with Obesity. J. Nutr. Metab., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3029582"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Ma, X., Mei, H., Chang, X., He, P., Sun, L., Xiao, H., Wang, S., and Li, R. (2025). Association between gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in children with obesity. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84207-4"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12750","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12750","article-title":"Cross-sectional comparisons of gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acid levels among children with varied weight classifications","volume":"16","author":"Gyarmati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petraroli, M., Castellone, E., Patianna, V., and Esposito, S. (2021). Gut Microbiota and Obesity in Adults and Children: The State of the Art. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.657020"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0040","article-title":"Childhood Obesity and Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Indiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.103970","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in obesity severity and metabolic risk in pediatric populations","volume":"35","author":"Burananat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14639","article-title":"Profiles of gut microbiota in children with obesity from Harbin, China and screening of strains with anti-obesity ability in vitro and in vivo","volume":"129","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, D.S., Klein, M.I., Scudine, K.G.d.O., de Sales Leite, L., Parisotto, T.M., Ferreira, C.M., Fonseca, F.L.A., Perez, M.M., and Castelo, P.M. (2020). Salivary Microbiological and Gingival Health Status Evaluation of Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity: A Cluster Analysis. Front. Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00429"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i16.2249","article-title":"Association between childhood obesity and gut microbiota: 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"260","article-title":"Association between obesity with the diversity and genus of gut microbiota in school-aged children","volume":"43","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae529","article-title":"Gut Microbial Changes Associated With Obesity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"110","author":"Ismail","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2019.0280","article-title":"Overweight and Obesity in Children Are Associated with an Abundance of Firmicutes and Reduction of Bifidobacterium in Their Gastrointestinal Microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Monteil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, X., Chen, R., Zhang, Y., Lin, X., Yang, X., and McCormick, K.L. (2021). Gut Microbiota of Chinese Obese Children and Adolescents With and Without Insulin Resistance. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.636272"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960135","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1960135","article-title":"Gut microbiota associations with metabolic syndrome and relevance of its study in pediatric subjects","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1712985","article-title":"Environmental and intrinsic factors shaping gut microbiota composition and diversity and its relation to metabolic health in children and early adolescents: A population-based study","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Yi, Q., Xu, H., Liu, H., Tan, B., Deng, H., Chen, Y., Wang, R., Tang, F., and Cheng, X. (2024). Alterations in the gut microbiota community are associated with childhood obesity and precocious puberty. BMC Microbiol, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03461-8"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Fang, X., Chen, Y., Ding, M., and Gong, M. (2024). Gut flora influences the hypothalamic-gonadal axis to regulate the pathogenesis of obesity-associated precocious puberty. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80140-8"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01319-y","article-title":"Metatranscriptomic analysis to define the Secrebiome, and 16S rRNA profiling of the gut microbiome in obesity and metabolic syndrome of Mexican children","volume":"19","author":"Bikel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.014","article-title":"The associations of the gut microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations with body fat distribution in children","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12833","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12833","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of stool of two-year old children from the INSIGHT study reveals links between butyrate and child weight outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Nandy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaimes, J.D., Slav\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, A., Hurych, J., Cinek, O., Nichols, B., Vodol\u00e1nov\u00e1, L., \u010cern\u00fd, K., and Havl\u00edk, J. (2021). Stool metabolome-microbiota evaluation among children and adolescents with obesity, overweight, and normal-weight using 1H NMR and 16S rRNA gene profiling. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247378"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., and Dang, Y. (2022). Roles of gut microbiota and metabolites in overweight and obesity of children. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.994930"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"6383","article-title":"Halitosis: Etiology, prevention, and the role of microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, T., Wu, Z., Lin, J., Shan, C., Abasijiang, A., and Zhao, J. (2023). Characterization of the oral and gut microbiome in children with obesity aged 3 to 5 years. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1102650"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"2","article-title":"Associations of the Oral Microbiota with Obesity and Menarche in Inner City Girls","volume":"4","author":"Mervish","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwiatkowska, M., Go\u0142\u0119biewski, M., Sikora, M., Rycharska, E.\u0141., and Krogulska, A. (2024). The oral cavity and intestinal microbiome in children with functional constipation. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58642-2"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, B., Al-Marzooq, F., Saad, H., Benzina, D., and Al Kawas, S. (2023). Dysbiosis of the Subgingival Microbiome and Relation to Periodontal Disease in Association with Obesity and Overweight. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040826"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251336129","article-title":"Dysbiotic Microbiome\u2013Metabolome Axis in Childhood Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Salman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, R.M., Carlo, H.L., Santos, R.L.D., Sabella, F.M., Parisotto, T.M., and Carvalho, F.G.D. (2022). Possible Relationship Between the Oral and Gut Microbiome, Caries Development, and Obesity in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Oral. Health, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.887765"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Chu, C., Peng, Y., Zhang, N., Yang, Z., You, J., and Wei, F. (2022). Correlations between gastrointestinal and oral microbiota in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.988601"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2140330","article-title":"Is oral microbiota associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents? A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Resende","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mameli, C., Cattaneo, C., Panelli, S., Comandatore, F., Sangiorgio, A., Bedogni, G., Bandi, C., Zuccotti, G., and Pagliarini, E. (2019). Taste perception and oral microbiota are associated with obesity in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221656"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882926","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1882926","article-title":"Ethnic variability associating gut and oral microbiome with obesity in children","volume":"13","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzardi, K.F., Indiani, C.M.D.S.P., Mattos-Graner, R.D.O., De Sousa, E.T., Nobre-dos-Santos, M., and Parisotto, T.M. (2021). Firmicutes Levels in the Mouth Reflect the Gut Condition With Respect to Obesity and Early Childhood Caries. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.593734"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wernroth, M.-L., Peura, S., Hedman, A.M., Hetty, S., Vicenzi, S., Kennedy, B., Fall, K., Svennblad, B., Andolf, E., and Pershagen, G. (2022). Development of gut microbiota during the first 2 years of life. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13009-3"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dombrowska-Pali, A., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Chrustek, A., Olszewska-S\u0142onina, D., Gospodarek-Komkowska, E., and Socha, M.W. (2024). Human Milk Microbiome\u2014A Review of Scientific Reports. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101420"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"(2025, September 17). Exclusive Breastfeeding to Reduce the Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/elena\/interventions\/breastfeeding-childhood-obesity."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Ding, L., Strodl, E., Yin, X., Wen, G., Sun, D., Xian, D., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., and Liu, F. (2025). Early supplement of probiotics reduces the risk of obesity among preschool children: A real-world observational study. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1597894"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soroceanu, R.P., Timofte, D.V., Timofeiov, S., Vlasceanu, V.I., Maxim, M., Miler, A.A., Iordache, A.G., Moscalu, R., Moscalu, M., and V\u0103c\u0103rean-Trandafir, I.C. (2025). The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity: A Longitudinal Analysis Using 16S rRNA Sequencing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167933"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2021.02.012","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing technologies: An overview","volume":"82","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"100975","article-title":"Complex relationship between childhood obesity and the gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Luong","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moorlag, S.J.C.F.M., Coolen, J.P.M., van den Bosch, B., Jin, E.H.-M., Buil, J.B., Wertheim, H.F.L., and Melchers, W.J.G. (2023). Targeting the 16S rRNA Gene by Reverse Complement PCR Next-Generation Sequencing: Specific and Sensitive Detection and Identification of Microbes Directly in Clinical Samples. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04483-22"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buetas, E., Jord\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez, M., L\u00f3pez-Rold\u00e1n, A., D\u2019Auria, G., Mart\u00ednez-Priego, L., De Marco, G., Carda-Di\u00e9guez, M., and Mira, A. (2024). Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing by PacBio improves taxonomic resolution in human microbiome samples. BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10213-5"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2996-3_14","article-title":"Full-Length 16S rRNA Gene Analysis Using Long-Read Nanopore Sequencing for Rapid Identification of Bacteria from Clinical Specimens","volume":"2632","author":"Matsuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab346","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab346","article-title":"Considerations and best practices in animal science 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing microbiome studies","volume":"100","author":"Weinroth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.002","article-title":"Supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B632 strains improved insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with obesity in a cross-over, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Solito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28525-z","article-title":"Effects of early-life antibiotics on the developing infant gut microbiome and resistome: A randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Reyman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Chen, X., Wang, T., and Huang, R. (2024). Exploring the effects of short-course antibiotics on children\u2019s gut microbiota by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing: A case-control study. BMC Pediatr., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05042-0"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13958","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13958","article-title":"Identifying Key Predictors of Mid-Childhood Obesity in a Population-Based Cohort Study: An Evidence Synthesis and Predictive Modeling Study","volume":"26","author":"Mou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12434","article-title":"Critical review of 16S rRNA gene sequencing workflow in microbiome studies: From primer selection to advanced data analysis","volume":"38","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Oral. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7471-9_5","article-title":"Microbiome Sequencing Methods for Studying Human Diseases","volume":"1706","author":"Davidson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01291-8","article-title":"Personalized nutrition approach in pediatrics: A narrative review","volume":"89","author":"Milani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70031","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70031","article-title":"The microbiologist\u2019s guide to metaproteomics","volume":"4","author":"Armengaud","year":"2025","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, G., Rybakova, D., Fischer, D., Cernava, T., Verg\u00e8s, M.-C.C., Charles, T., Chen, X., Cocolin, L., Eversole, K., and Corral, G.H. (2020). Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00875-0"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2025.2580644","article-title":"Contribution of metaproteomics to unveiling the functional role of the gut microbiome in human physiology and metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Tanca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.12.016","article-title":"Metagenome-informed metaproteomics of the human gut microbiome, host, and dietary exposome uncovers signatures of health and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"188","author":"Leshem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi Mortera, S., Marzano, V., Rapisarda, F., Marangelo, C., Pirona, I., Vernocchi, P., Di Michele, M., Del Chierico, F., Quintero, M.A., and Fernandez, I. (2024). Metaproteomics reveals diet-induced changes in gut microbiome function according to Crohn\u2019s disease location. Microbiome, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01927-5"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-bja00019","article-title":"Improved diet-based nutritional interventions can improve childhood obesity with the synergistic regulation of gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiuolo, J., Bulotta, R.M., Ruga, S., Nucera, S., Macr\u00ec, R., Scarano, F., Oppedisano, F., Carresi, C., Gliozzi, M., and Musolino, V. (2024). The Postbiotic Properties of Butyrate in the Modulation of the Gut Microbiota: The Potential of Its Combination with Polyphenols and Dietary Fibers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136971"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsharairi, N.A. (2021). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mediating Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet-Infant Gut Microbiota Relationships and Its Therapeutic Potential in Obesity. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113702"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.04.011","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet-Based Interventions to Improve Anthropometric and Obesity Indicators in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"14","author":"Kales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seral-Cortes, M., Larruy-Garc\u00eda, A., De Miguel-Etayo, P., Labayen, I., and Moreno, L.A. (2022). Mediterranean Diet and Genetic Determinants of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in European Children and Adolescents. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030420"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.P., and Bhardwaj, A. (2023). \u03b2-glucans: A potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1143682"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkerman, R., Logtenberg, M.J., An, R., Van Den Berg, M.A., de Haan, B.J., Faas, M.M., Zoetendal, E., de Vos, P., and Schols, H.A. (2020). Endo-1,3(4)-\u03b2-Glucanase-Treatment of Oat \u03b2-Glucan Enhances Fermentability by Infant Fecal Microbiota, Stimulates Dectin-1 Activation and Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Immature Dendritic Cells. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061660"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, L., Zhang, Z., Hettinga, K., Yang, H., and Deng, J. (2024). A Comprehensive Review on Dietary Polysaccharides as Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics in Infant Formula and Their Influences on Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234122"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annunziata, G., Arnone, A., Ciampaglia, R., Tenore, G.C., and Novellino, E. (2020). Fermentation of Foods and Beverages as a Tool for Increasing Availability of Bioactive Compounds. Focus on Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9080999"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowron, K., Budzy\u0144ska, A., Grudlewska-Buda, K., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Andrzejewska, M., Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska, E., and Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. (2022). Two Faces of Fermented Foods-The Benefits and Threats of Its Consumption. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.845166"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo-Rom\u00e1n, A., Pag\u00e1n-Zayas, N., Vel\u00e1zquez-Rivera, L.I., Torres-Ventura, A.C., and Godoy-Vitorino, F. (2024). Insights into Gut Dysbiosis: Inflammatory Diseases, Obesity, and Restoration Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179715"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13256","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13256","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies","volume":"22","author":"Bellicha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12862","article-title":"Influences of exercise interventions on overweight and obesity in children and adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324839","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.24839","article-title":"Effects of an Exercise Program on Cardiometabolic and Mental Health in Children With Overweight or Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Migueles","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kononova, S., Kashparov, M., Xue, W., Bobkova, N., Leonov, S., and Zagorodny, N. (2023). Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis as a Potential Risk Factor for Idiopathic Toe-Walking in Children: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713204"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgado, M.C., Sousa, M., Coelho, A.B., Costa, J.A., and Seabra, A. (2023). Exploring Gut Microbiota and the Influence of Physical Activity Interventions on Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11172459"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.07.003","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behavior and microbiome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldi\u0219, A., Dragomir, R., Mercioni, M.A., Sirca, D., Goldi\u0219, C., Enatescu, I., Olariu, L., and Belei, O. (2025). Clinical Efficacy of Sodium Butyrate in Managing Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15060902"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2244912","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.44912","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Butyrate on Pediatric Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"5","author":"Coppola","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"CD015875","article-title":"Gut microbiome-based interventions for the management of obesity in children and adolescents aged up to 19 years","volume":"7","author":"Fahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00461-4","article-title":"Butyrate: More Than a Short Chain Fatty Acid","volume":"12","author":"Mundi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2257","article-title":"Metformin Affects Gut Microbiome Composition and Function and Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Randomized Trial","volume":"44","author":"Mueller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Popa, G.T. (2023). Ingrith Miron Pediatrie Volumul 2, UMF Ia\u0219i. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13869","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13869","article-title":"Melatonin Mitigates Sarcopenic Obesity via Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Evidence From Epidemiologic and In Vivo Studies","volume":"16","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, L., Zhu, H., Chen, S., Du, M., Wan, X., Liu, Y., Hu, S., and Xu, Y. (2022). Anti-Obesity and Gut Microbiota Regulation Effects of Phospholipids from the Eggs of Crab, Portunus Trituberculatus, in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20070411"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luqman, A., Hassan, A., Ullah, M., Naseem, S., Ullah, M., Zhang, L., Din, A.U., Ullah, K., Ahmad, W., and Wang, G. (2024). Role of the intestinal microbiome and its therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorder. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1321395"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-Y., Khachatryan, L.G., Younis, N.K., Mustafa, M.A., Ahmad, N., Athab, Z.H., Polyanskaya, A.V., Kasanave, E.V., Mirzaei, R., and Karampoor, S. (2024). Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids in pediatric health and diseases: From gut development to neuroprotection. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1456793"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recharla, N., Geesala, R., and Shi, X.-Z. (2023). Gut Microbial Metabolite Butyrate and Its Therapeutic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0501.v1"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02203-z","article-title":"Effects of short-chain fatty acid-butyrate supplementation on expression of circadian-clock genes, sleep quality, and inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Firoozi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04259-4","article-title":"Sodium butyrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in mice via the regulation of gut microbiota and related short-chain fatty acids","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202101224","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202101224","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2013derived short-chain fatty acids protect against the progression of endometriosis","volume":"4","author":"Chadchan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0724-23.2023","article-title":"Dietary Fiber and Microbiota Metabolite Receptors Enhance Cognition and Alleviate Disease in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karunaratne, T.B., Okereke, C., Seamon, M., Purohit, S., Wakade, C., and Sharma, A. (2020). Niacin and Butyrate: Nutraceuticals Targeting Dysbiosis and Intestinal Permeability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010028"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Qian, F., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Cen, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, J., Luo, M., Jia, C., and Rong, X. (2023). The reduced SCFA-producing gut microbes are involved in the inflammatory activation in Kawasaki disease. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1124118"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2030415","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30415","article-title":"Effects of Fecal Microbiome Transfer in Adolescents With Obesity: The Gut Bugs Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"3","author":"Leong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026174","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026174","article-title":"Protocol for the Gut Bugs Trial: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of gut microbiome transfer for the treatment of obesity in adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadegar, A., Bar-Yoseph, H., Monaghan, T.M., Pakpour, S., Severino, A., Kuijper, E.J., Smits, W.K., Terveer, E.M., Neupane, S., and Nabavi-Rad, A. (2024). Fecal microbiota transplantation: Current challenges and future landscapes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 37.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-22"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.020","article-title":"Key determinants of success in fecal microbiota transplantation: From microbiome to clinic","volume":"31","author":"Porcari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301097","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301097","article-title":"The Next Generation Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: To Transplant Bacteria or Virome","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borka Balas, R., Meli\u021b, L.E., Lupu, A., Lupu, V.V., and M\u0103rginean, C.O. (2023). Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics\u2014A Research Hotspot for Pediatric Obesity. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112651"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12140","article-title":"Prebiotics as a modulator of gut microbiota in paediatric obesity","volume":"12","author":"Nicolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzi Cionci, N., Baffoni, L., Gagg\u00eca, F., and Di Gioia, D. (2018). Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention\/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0328.v1"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01590-8","article-title":"Enhancing gut microbiota and microbial function with inulin supplementation in children with obesity","volume":"48","author":"Visuthranukul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koller, A.M., S\u0103s\u0103ran, M.O., and M\u0103rginean, C.O. (2025). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Pediatric Obesity\u2014A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091499"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khongtan, S., Sivamaruthi, B., Thangaleela, S., Kesika, P., Bharathi, M., Sirilun, S., Choeisoongnern, T., Peerajan, S., Sittiprapaporn, P., and Chaiyasut, C. (2023). The Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on the Obesity Indexes, Neuroinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers, Gut Microbial Diversity, and Working Memory in Obese Thai Children. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213890"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-023-00563-y","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota composition in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity: (Probesity-2 trial)","volume":"15","author":"Dinleyici","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.165886","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability","volume":"58","author":"Cani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Salonen, A., and Jian, C. (2023). Can prebiotics help tackle the childhood obesity epidemic?. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1178155"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0499","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota-adipose tissue-muscle interactions by prebiotics","volume":"249","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, D., Chen, J., Tang, X., Xiao, L., Martoni, C.J., Leyer, G., Huang, G., and Li, W. (2022). Impact of a probiotic chewable tablet on stool habits and microbial profile in children with functional constipation: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.985308"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v46i1.39560","article-title":"Predictors of Adherence to Short-Course Probiotics Among Children with Gastroenteritis who are Enrolled in a Clinical Trial","volume":"46","author":"Hurley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Depoorter, L., and Vandenplas, Y. (2021). Probiotics in Pediatrics. A Review and Practical Guide. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072176"},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"13","article-title":"Markers of dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"91","author":"Danilova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ter. Arkhiv"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000441768","article-title":"Reduced Abundance of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Species in the Fecal Microbial Community in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"93","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41262","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041262","article-title":"Microbiome characterization of patients with Crohn disease and the use of fecal microbiota transplantation: A review","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H.-M., Zhao, H.-L., Guo, G.-J., Xu, J., Zhou, Y.-L., Huang, H.-L., and Nie, Y.-Q. (2022). Characterization of short-chain fatty acids in patients with ulcerative colitis: A meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02191-3"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakerska-Banaszak, O., Tomczak, H., Gabryel, M., Baturo, A., Wolko, L., Michalak, M., Malinska, N., Mankowska-Wierzbicka, D., Eder, P., and Dobrowolska, A. (2021). Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in Polish patients with ulcerative colitis: A pilot study. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81628-3"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274128","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2274128","article-title":"Fecal short-chain fatty acids in non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome: A potential clinically relevant stratification factor based on catabotyping analysis","volume":"15","author":"Gargari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm22093","article-title":"The Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25965-x","article-title":"Gut bacteria identified in colorectal cancer patients promote tumourigenesis via butyrate secretion","volume":"12","author":"Okumura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.024","article-title":"Butyrate\u2019s role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease","volume":"42","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasaly, N., Hermoso, M.A., and Gotteland, M. (2021). Butyrate and the Fine-Tuning of Colonic Homeostasis: Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063061"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalyanaraman, B., Cheng, G., and Hardy, M. (2024). The role of short-chain fatty acids in cancer prevention and cancer treatment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 761.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2024.110172"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2301.01031","article-title":"Anticancer Effects of Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Cancers","volume":"33","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-023-10117-y","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Feitelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Bosch, C., Zunszain, P.A., and Mann, G.E. (2023). Control of Redox Homeostasis by Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030486"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0142ynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kope\u0107, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., and Franczyk, B. (2025). The Gut-Brain-Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071135"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicks, L.M.T. (2022). Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091838"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666221003085508","article-title":"Targeting Gut Dysbiosis and Microbiome Metabolites for the Development of Therapeutic Modalities for Neurological Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Wiefels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadiyska, T., Vassilev, D., Tourtourikov, I., Ciurinskiene, S., Madzharova, D., Savcheva, M., Stoynev, N., Mileva-Popova, R., Tafradjiiska-Hadjiolova, R., and Mitev, V. (2025). Age-Dependent Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Role of Key Bacterial Ratios. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111775"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001026","article-title":"Associations Between the Gut Microbiota and Internalizing Behaviors in Preschool Children","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2023.2277970","article-title":"Associations between short-chain fatty acid levels and mood disorder symptoms: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Bruun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitetta, L., Bambling, M., and Strodl, E. (2023). Probiotics and Commensal Bacteria Metabolites Trigger Epigenetic Changes in the Gut and Influence Beneficial Mood Dispositions. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051334"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Cao, H., Baranova, A., and Zhang, F. (2025). Evaluating Causal Effects of Gut Microbiome on Bipolar Disorder. Bipolar Disord., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.70063"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, C., Yuan, B., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Zhu, M., Chai, H., Peng, J., Huang, Y., and Zhou, S. (2025). Akkermansia muciniphila and its metabolite propionic acid maintains neuronal mitochondrial division and autophagy homeostasis during Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathologic process via GPR41 and GPR43. Microbiome, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02001-w"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251337773","article-title":"Circulating short chain fatty acids in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"106","author":"Marizzoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-023-01123-9","article-title":"Relationship Between Short-chain Fatty Acids and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review from Pathology to Clinic","volume":"40","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, H., Ouyang, L., Li, D., Li, Z., Yuan, L., Fan, L., Liao, A., Li, J., Wei, Y., and Yang, Z. (2022). Short-chain fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia and ultra-high risk population. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.977538"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paniagua, G., Couce-S\u00e1nchez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanco, L., Sabater, C., Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Revuelta, J., S\u00e1iz, P.A., Bobes, J., Margolles, A., and Garc\u00eda-Portilla, M.P. (2025). Comparative analysis of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids in patients with severe mental disorder: Insights from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111345"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadh, M.J., Ahmed, H.H., Kareem, R.A., Sanghvi, G., Ganesan, S., Agarwal, M., Kaur, P., Taher, W.M., Alwan, M., and Jawad, M.J. (2025). Short-chain fatty acids in Huntington\u2019s disease: Mechanisms of action and their therapeutic implications. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 249.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2025.173972"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.09.042","article-title":"Lower plasma concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in patients with ADHD","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonchooduang, N., Louthrenoo, O., Likhitweerawong, N., Kunasol, C., Thonusin, C., Sriwichaiin, S., Nawara, W., Chattipakorn, N., and Chattipakorn, S.C. (2025). Impact of psychostimulants on microbiota and short-chain fatty acids alterations in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87546-y"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27125378","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11503\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:32:10Z","timestamp":1782390730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262311503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}