{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:24:53Z","timestamp":1767903893089,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005076","name":"Agricultural Research Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARDA90\/2551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARDA90\/2551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of silk sericin (SS) supplementation on the functionality of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and lipid metabolism were assessed in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats to determine whether SS improves the bioavailability of CrPic and contributes to beneficial changes in lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk markers. Rats were administered different doses of SS (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg kg\u22121 body weight (BW)) in conjunction with CrPic (300 \u00b5g kg\u22121 BW) for 8 weeks through oral gavage. Body and organ weights, lipid profiles, glucose levels, chromium (Cr) accumulation, total protein, and adipocyte size were evaluated. Additionally, FTIR analysis was conducted to investigate the binding and release behavior of SS with CrPic. Although body weight and daily feed intake were comparable among groups, a significant increase in pancreas weight and reduction in omentum weight were observed across all CrPic-SS groups. Increased dosages of SS resulted in a significant reduction in triglyceride and plasma glucose levels. All CrPic and CrPic-SS treatments reduced LDL and total cholesterol while increasing HDL. Cr accumulation was elevated in the liver and kidneys of groups administered 10 and 100 mg kg\u22121 BW of SS, accompanied by a significant increase in total protein levels and a reduction in adipocyte size to less than 50 \u00b5m in all rats. FTIR analysis indicated that SS binds to CrPic at pH 2.0 and releases it at pH 7.0, demonstrating pH-dependent delivery similar to the gastrointestinal tract and possibly improved CrPic functionality. These findings indicate that SS improves the bioavailability of CrPic and positively affects lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk markers in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"11505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consumption of Sericin Enhances the Bioavailability and Metabolic Efficacy of Chromium Picolinate in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chainarong","family":"Tocharus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiraphan","family":"Saelim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manote","family":"Sutheerawattananonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, July 08). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","article-title":"Why does obesity cause diabetes?","volume":"34","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2544","article-title":"Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the U.S","volume":"30","author":"Narayan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Li, L., Wang, M., Ma, Q., Tian, Y., Zhang, Q., Liu, J., Li, B., Zhang, B., and Liu, H. (2022). Diabetes Mellitus Promotes the Development of Atherosclerosis: The Role of NLRP3. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.900254"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-004-0874-4","article-title":"Diabetes with hyperlipidemia: A risk factor for developing joint contractures secondary to immobility in rat knee joints?","volume":"10","author":"Oniki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X16999201210200342","article-title":"Relationship between Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Alloubani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","article-title":"Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"126","author":"Tchernof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudzka, A., Kapusniak, K., Zieli\u0144ska, D., Ko\u0142o\u017cyn-Krajewska, D., Kapusniak, J., and Barczy\u0144ska-Felusiak, R. (2024). The Importance of Micronutrient Adequacy in Obesity and the Potential of Microbiota Interventions to Support It. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114489"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-0081","article-title":"A comparative study to assess the use of chromium in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Alkhalidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Body Weight and Body Fat: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trials","volume":"7","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.09.002","article-title":"Chromium picolinate attenuates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"27","author":"Sundaram","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.08.015","article-title":"Intestinal microbiomics and liver metabolomics insights into the preventive effects of chromium (III)-enriched yeast on hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induced by high-fat and high-fructose diet","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.206","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic mechanism of organic chromium derived from chelation of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide-chromium (III) and its modulation of intestinal microflora in high fat-diet and STZ-induced diabetic mice","volume":"145","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01686-7","article-title":"Chromium(III) Glycinate Complex Supplementation Improves the Blood Glucose Level and Attenuates the Tissular Copper to Zinc Ratio in Rats with Mild Hyperglycaemia","volume":"193","author":"Krejpcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113692","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of dietary CrPic, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in juvenile coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus)","volume":"240","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.07.057","article-title":"Extent of oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) under various conditions pertaining to natural environment","volume":"128","author":"Apte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.200","article-title":"Preparation of a Momordica charantia L. polysaccharide-chromium (III) complex and its anti-hyperglycemic activity in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Murillo-Tovar, M.A., Saldarriaga Nore\u00f1a, H.A., and Saeid, A. (2019). Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium. Trace Metals in the Environment\u2014New Approaches and Recent Advances, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.2.415","article-title":"Chromium Picolinate Enhances Skeletal Muscle Cellular Insulin Signaling In Vivo in Obese, Insulin-Resistant JCR:LA-cp Rats1","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-002-0357-z","article-title":"Ultrastructural damage in chromium picolinate-treated cells: A TEM study. Transmission electron microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Manygoats","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1878-5085-3-11","article-title":"Opinion controversy to chromium picolinate therapy\u2019s safety and efficacy: Ignoring \u2018anecdotes\u2019 of case reports or recognising individual risks and new guidelines urgency to introduce innovation by predictive diagnostics?","volume":"3","author":"Golubnitschaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.01.007","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides-chromium (III) complex in type 2 diabetic mice and its sub-acute toxicity evaluation in normal mice","volume":"108 Pt B","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s42995-022-00127-0","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effect of chromium-modified enzymatic product of sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Su, Y., Yu, J., Chen, P., and Zheng, T. (2023). Novel Applications of Silk Proteins Based on Their Interactions with Metal Ions. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152216053"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200400306","article-title":"Preparation and Structure of Porous Silk Sericin Materials","volume":"290","author":"Tao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Silk protein, sericin, suppresses colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice","volume":"7","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(03)00023-0","article-title":"Preparation of self-assembled silk sericin nanoparticles","volume":"32","author":"Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wen, P., Qin, G., Zhang, J., Zhao, P., and Ye, Y. (2022). Toxicological evaluation of water-extract sericin from silkworm (Bombyx mori) in pregnant rats and their fetus during pregnancy. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.982841"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)80031-7","article-title":"Consumption of silk protein, sericin elevates intestinal absorption of zinc, iron, magnesium and calcium in rats","volume":"20","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12519","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103157w","article-title":"Sericin reduces serum cholesterol in rats and cholesterol uptake into Caco-2 cells","volume":"58","author":"Limpeanchob","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-012-0093-y","article-title":"Sericin consumption suppresses development and progression of colon tumorigenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats","volume":"67","author":"Kaewkon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakul, K., Takenaka, S., Peterbauer, C., Haltrich, D., Techapun, C., Seesuriyachan, P., Leksawasdi, N., and Chaiyaso, T. (2023). Functional modification of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus halodurans SE5 for efficient production of antioxidative and ACE-inhibitory peptides from sericin. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2023.102943"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118342","article-title":"Oral sericin ameliorates type 2 diabetes through passive intestinal and bypass transport into the systemic circulation","volume":"332","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-021-03348-4","article-title":"Antioxidant Hydrolysate of Sericin from Bombyx mori Cocoons","volume":"57","author":"Wubulikasimu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tocharus, C., and Sutheerawattananonda, M. (2024). Hypoglycemic Ability of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Bombyx mori Yellow Silk Cocoons and Their Physiological Effects on Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Rats. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13142184"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tocharus, C., and Sutheerawattananonda, M. (2025). Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Yellow Silk Cocoons on Blood Pressure Lowering in L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14071256"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"47","article-title":"Chromium(VI) Adsorption Behavior of Silk Sericin Beads","volume":"26","author":"Kwak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, H.W., Shin, M., Yun, H., and Lee, K. (2016). Preparation of Silk Sericin\/Lignin Blend Beads for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Ions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091466"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27027","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA03907K","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium ion and methyl orange dye uptake via a silk protein sericin\u2013chitosan conjugate","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2651-5","article-title":"Bioadsorption of trivalent and hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by sericin-alginate particles produced from Bombyx mori cocoons","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01940","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202501940","article-title":"Green Extraction and Separation of Silk Sericin with High and Low Molecular Weight and Their Gelling Performances","volume":"10","author":"Abdullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"364","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of silk sericin","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Fibre Text. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2007.11.018","article-title":"Enzymatic production of bioactive peptides from sericin recovered from silk industry wastewater","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710600668756","article-title":"FT-IR Spectrophotometric Analysis of Chromium (Tris) Picolinate and its Pharmaceutical Formulations","volume":"39","author":"Bunaciu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.73113351x","article-title":"Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics, and accretion rates of carcass tissues in growing-finishing swine","volume":"73","author":"Mooney","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(96)00258-8","article-title":"Effects of various forms of dietary chromium on growth and body composition in the rat","volume":"17","author":"Hasten","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.7341123x","article-title":"Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites, and growth hormone in pigs","volume":"73","author":"Amoikon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.7372033x","article-title":"Effect of chromium picolinate on growth, body composition, and tissue accretion in pigs","volume":"73","author":"Boleman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.713656x","article-title":"Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and serum and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"71","author":"Page","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.26.29","article-title":"Change trends of organ weight background data in sprague dawley rats at different ages","volume":"26","author":"Piao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.186","article-title":"Normal distribution of body weight gain in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-energy diet","volume":"11","author":"Archer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.-D., Zhong, Z.-H., Weng, Y.-J., Wei, Z.-Z., and Zhang, Y.-Q. (2021). Degraded Sericin Significantly Regulates Blood Glucose Levels and Improves Impaired Liver Function in T2D Rats by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081255"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-0042-8","article-title":"Efficacy of chromium(III) supplementation on growth, body composition, serum parameters, and tissue chromium in rats","volume":"119","author":"Zha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(00)00624-0","article-title":"The bioinorganic chemistry of chromium(III)","volume":"20","author":"Vincent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50879-9","article-title":"Metal ions guide the production of silkworm silk fibers","volume":"15","author":"Brookstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aad, R., Dragojlov, I., and Vesentini, S. (2024). Sericin Protein: Structure, Properties, and Applications. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15110322"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Vincent, J.B. (2019). Chapter 8\u2014Benefits of chromium(III) complexes in animal and human health. The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium (III), Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Afzal, S., and Ocasio Quinones, G.A. (2025). Chromium Deficiency. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01763.x","article-title":"Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss","volume":"56","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2003315","article-title":"Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium","volume":"63","author":"Vincent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.19.1.279","article-title":"Chromium as a supplement","volume":"19","author":"Lukaski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.732457x","article-title":"Dietary chromium picolinate additions improve gain:feed and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows","volume":"73","author":"Lindemann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2527\/tas2017.0014","article-title":"Effects of chromium supplementation on physiology, feed intake, and insulin related metabolism in growing pigs subjected to heat stress","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-009-9258-8","article-title":"Effect of chromium supplementation on the diabetes induced-oxidative stress in liver and brain of adult rats","volume":"22","author":"Refaie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pala, R., Sari, M.A., Erten, F., Er, B., Tuzcu, M., Orhan, C., Deeh, P.B.D., Sahin, N., Cinar, V., and Komorowski, J.R. (2020). The effects of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid metabolism in running rats. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126434"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02098-3","article-title":"Pancreatic endocrine and exocrine signaling and crosstalk in physiological and pathological status","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Chun, Y.-S., Yoon, N., Kim, B., Choi, K., Ku, S.-K., and Lee, N. (2025). Effects of Black Cumin Seed Extract on Pancreatic Islet \u03b2-Cell Proliferation and Hypoglycemic Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020174"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1934578X241287061","article-title":"Exploring the Mechanism of Action of Sericin in Ameliorating non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Based on the Nrf2- GPX4\/NF-\u03baB p65 Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198509000-00001","article-title":"Insulin as a growth factor","volume":"19","author":"Hill","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007","article-title":"Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK","volume":"25","author":"Hoffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.100065","article-title":"Consumption of sericin reduces serum lipids, ameliorates glucose tolerance and elevates serum adiponectin in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"74","author":"Okazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_633_23","article-title":"Atherogenic Index, Cardiovascular Risk Ratio, and Atherogenic Coefficient as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Pre-eclampsia in Southeast Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"27","author":"Agu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"359","article-title":"Atherogenic index of plasma, castelli risk index and atherogenic coefficient-new parameters in assessing cardiovascular risk","volume":"3","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiokias, S., Proestos, C., and Oreopoulou, V. (2018). Effect of Natural Food Antioxidants against LDL and DNA Oxidative Changes. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0422.v1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel","volume":"41","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.312617","article-title":"HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport","volume":"124","author":"Ouimet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance","volume":"23","author":"Hua","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.11.019","article-title":"Silk sericin as building blocks of bioactive materials for advanced therapeutics","volume":"353","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, G., Lauria, G., Catalano, A., Carocci, A., and Sinicropi, M.S. (2021). The Double Face of Metals: The Intriguing Case of Chromium. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020638"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17221\/2010-VETMED","article-title":"Chromium as an essential nutrient: A review","volume":"52","author":"Pechova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1997.10718685","article-title":"Lack of toxicity of chromium chloride and chromium picolinate in rats","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(93)90073-Y","article-title":"Homologous physiological effects of phenformin and chromium picolinate","volume":"41","author":"McCarty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects","volume":"152","author":"Press","year":"1990","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willoughby, D., Hewlings, S., and Kalman, D. (2018). Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121876"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1756","article-title":"Effect of sericin on diabetic hippocampal growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"3345","article-title":"Sericin enhances the insulin-PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in the liver of a type 2 diabetes rat model","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216681553","article-title":"Sericin ameliorated dysmorphic mitochondria in high-cholesterol diet\/streptozotocin rat by antioxidative property","volume":"242","author":"Ampawong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-1050-9","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic effect of sericin-derived oligopeptides in high-cholesterol fed rats","volume":"71","author":"Lapphanichayakool","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"Cd010063","article-title":"Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults","volume":"2013","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(98)85040-6","article-title":"A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition: A replication and extension of a previous study","volume":"59","author":"Kaats","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res.-Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Li, M., Lou, X., Zhao, B., Ma, Q., Bian, Y., and Mi, X. (2022). Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Activity and Sub-Acute Toxicity of the Novel Biochanin A-Chromium(III) Complex. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185786"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2005.10.010","article-title":"Casein phosphopeptides released by simulated gastrointestinal digestion of infant formulas and their potential role in mineral binding","volume":"16","author":"Miquel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199610000-00006","article-title":"The effect of casein phosphopeptides on zinc and calcium absorption from high phytate infant diets assessed in rat pups and Caco-2 cells","volume":"40","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veiga, A., Castro, F., Rocha, F., and Oliveira, A.L. (2020). Recent Advances in Silk Sericin\/Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials. Front. Mater., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00024"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2396-3","article-title":"The potential of silk sericin protein as a serum substitute or an additive in cell culture and cryopreservation","volume":"49","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, R.I., Brancalh\u00e3o, R.M., Ribeiro, L.F., and Natali, M.R. (2016). Silkworm Sericin: Properties and Biomedical Applications. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8175701"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(02)00220-6","article-title":"Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Ghosh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2020.9.2.97","article-title":"Effects of Chromium Picolinate Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Talab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0048","article-title":"Chromium picolinate does not improve key features of metabolic syndrome in obese nondiabetic adults","volume":"7","author":"Iqbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602012000100006","article-title":"Effects of silk sericin on the proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer cells","volume":"45","author":"Kaewkorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94333-4","article-title":"The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis","volume":"244","author":"Weber","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"The Commission of The European Communities (1998). Commission Directive 98\/64\/EC of 3 September 1998: Establishing Community Methods of Analysis for the Determination of Amino Acids, Crude Oils and Fats, and Starch, The Commission of The European Communities. Annex Part A."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.14712\/23362936.2019.5","article-title":"Gastric pH in Rats: Key Determinant for Preclinical Evaluation of pH-dependent Oral Drug Absorption","volume":"120","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prague Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.60.1.0008","article-title":"Measurements of rat and mouse gastrointestinal pH, fluid and lymphoid tissue, and implications for in-vivo experiments","volume":"60","author":"McConnell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.71.2.666","article-title":"pH-dependent binding of immunoglobulins to intestinal cells of the neonatal rat","volume":"71","author":"Rodewald","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9788","article-title":"REVIEW: The pig as a model for humans: Effects of nutritional factors on intestinal function and health1","volume":"94","author":"Sciascia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16805","article-title":"Storage stability and antioxidant activities of lutein extracted from yellow silk cocoons (Bombyx mori) in Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Manupa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.10.018","article-title":"Chronic toxicity study of Portulaca grandiflora Hook","volume":"90","author":"Chavalittumrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-670X(199607)9:1<11::AID-JTRA2>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Dietary chromium effects on tissue chromium concentrations and chromium absorption in rats","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/83.5.1189","article-title":"Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Foods by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Microwave Digestion: NMKL1 Collaborative Study","volume":"83","author":"Jorhem","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"AOAC International (2003). Method 999.10: Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Foods. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry after Microwave Digestion. Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC International. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tocharus, C., Prum, V., and Sutheerawattananonda, M. (2024). Oral Toxicity and Hypotensive Influence of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Yellow Silk Cocoons of Bombyx mori in Rodent Studies. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13213505"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoyama, Y., Shinohara, K., Kitamura, N., Nakamura, A., Onoue, A., Tanaka, K., Hirayama, A., Aw, W., Nakamura, S., and Ogawa, Y. (2021). Metabolic Effects of Bee Larva-Derived Protein in Mice: Assessment of an Alternative Protein Source. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112642"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11835","article-title":"Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of vegetal milk produced with Mucuna pruriens L. seed in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Dimitry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-3-37","article-title":"High fat diet enhances cardiac abnormalities in SHR rats: Protective role of heme oxygenase-adiponectin axis","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2015.1061723","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced obesity Rat model: A comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rat","volume":"5","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubrecht, R.C., and Carter, E. (2019). The 3Rs and Humane Experimental Technique: Implementing Change. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100754"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majewski, M., Gromadzi\u0144ski, L., Cholewi\u0144ska, E., Ognik, K., Fotschki, B., and Ju\u015bkiewicz, J. (2022). Dietary Effects of Chromium Picolinate and Chromium Nanoparticles in Wistar Rats Fed with a High-Fat, Low-Fiber Diet: The Role of Fat Normalization. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235138"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01677-3","article-title":"Effect of a high-fat diet and chromium on hormones level and Cr retention in rats","volume":"45","author":"Tutaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (2010). NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of chromium picolinate monohydrate (CAS No. 27882-76-4) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser., 556, 1\u2013194."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.72350","article-title":"Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals","volume":"1","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, and International Electrotechnical Commission (2025, October 30). General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (ISO\/IEC Standard No. 17025:2005). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso-iec:17025:ed-2:v1:en."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T05:13:42Z","timestamp":1764393222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/23\/11505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262311505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}